Bismuth subsalicylate may cause ringing in the ears, but that side effect is rare. Possible side effects from loperamide include skin rash, constipation, drowsiness, dizziness, tiredness, dry mouth, nausea, vomiting, and swelling, pain, and discomfort in the abdomen.
In the United States, the annual cost of soil erosion for both on-site and off-site effects has been estimated at 44 billion dollars a year (Pimentel et al., 1995). In the European Union, the figure is 38 billion Euros a year (Montanarella, 2007).
During an average year, approximately $175,000-$200,000 is spent to repair landslide damage to the road infrastructure. During the large storm events in 1996-1997, the costs rose to $750,000-$800,000. Approximately $650,000 from FEMA was used to assist with the repairs.