Aminoglycosides are excreted by glomerular filtration and have a serum half-life of 2 to 3 h; the half-life increases exponentially as the GFR falls (eg, in renal insufficiency, in the elderly).
Madagascar is the world's major natural vanilla producer, accounting for about 75% of production. Cloves are the third main export crop, grown mostly by smallholders. Production follows a 4-year cycle with 2â3 years of high output followed by one year of low production.
Dwindling forests. Madagascar is home to two types of forest. Dry deciduous forest covers much of western Madagascar, while lush tropical rainforest spans eastern regions and the edge of the central plateau. Barely more than 10% of Madagascar's original forest survives today. Deforestation was particularly severe during French rule, when 70% of the island's forests were destroyed in 30 years.