Bismuth subsalicylate may cause ringing in the ears, but that side effect is rare. Possible side effects from loperamide include skin rash, constipation, drowsiness, dizziness, tiredness, dry mouth, nausea, vomiting, and swelling, pain, and discomfort in the abdomen.
In the United States, the annual cost of soil erosion for both on-site and off-site effects has been estimated at 44 billion dollars a year (Pimentel et al., 1995). In the European Union, the figure is 38 billion Euros a year (Montanarella, 2007).
US and Global Expenditures. In 2001, total expenditures for pesticides in the U.S. were $11.09 billion, of which $7.4 billion was spent by the agricultural industry. Worldwide, the cost of pesticides used for agriculture in 2001 was US$31.8 billion.