Law and Legislation. CIVIL RIGHTS LAWS. California led the nation in 1991 by enacting criminal sanctions for the violation of civil rights laws. The laws provide enhanced sentences for those convicted of violent or threatening behavior based on race, gender, religion, age, disabilities or sexual preference.
The fact that current carrying loops experience a net torque in a magnetic field is the principle behind the electric motor, where the electrical energy involved in establishing a current is converted into the mechanical energy of rotating a shaft.
Figure 6-4: Torque on a Rotating Shaft Torque Measurement Torque is measured by either sensing the actual shaft deflection caused by a twisting force, or by detecting the effects of this deflection. The surface of a shaft under torque will experience compression and tension, as shown in Figure 6-4.