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The classical site of muscarinic receptors is at the postganglionic parasympathetic neuroeffector junction in smooth muscle, heart, and exocrine glands. However, muscarinic receptors also exist on effectors cells, even in the absence of cholinergic innervation.Prototype agonists include muscarine and ACh.he classical site of muscarinic receptors is at the postganglionic parasympathetic neuroeffector junction in smooth muscle, heart, and exocrine glands. However, muscarinic receptors also exist on effectors cells, even in the absence of cholinergic innervation. Prototype agonists include muscarine and ACh.
Purinergic receptors are one of the evolutionary oldest receptors [9] . The receptor family can be found in almost every mammalian tissue and was initially described in gut smooth muscle cells in the 1970s [7] and [8] .In 2014 the first purinergic receptor, namely DORN1, was discovered in plants [6] .Purinergic receptors are divided into P1 receptors which are preferentially activated by adenosine and P2 receptors which are activated by a variety of nucleotides.he role of P1 receptors in MSC proliferation is not well studied. There is some evidence suggesting that adenosine and the adenosine A2A receptor are important mediators in stimulating proliferation and differentiation of mouse BM-MSCs [96] .