Bismuth subsalicylate may cause ringing in the ears, but that side effect is rare. Possible side effects from loperamide include skin rash, constipation, drowsiness, dizziness, tiredness, dry mouth, nausea, vomiting, and swelling, pain, and discomfort in the abdomen.
In the United States, the annual cost of soil erosion for both on-site and off-site effects has been estimated at 44 billion dollars a year (Pimentel et al., 1995). In the European Union, the figure is 38 billion Euros a year (Montanarella, 2007).
Agricultural investments of US $30 billion per year are needed to feed the world's growing population. The percentage of Earth's land stricken by serious drought doubled from the 1970s to the early 2000s. One third of the world is vulnerable to land degradation; one third of Africa is threatened by desertification. new rapid response assessment report released by UNEP warns that up to 25% of the world's food production may become lost due to environmental breakdown (i.e. climate change, water scarcity, invasive pests and land degradation) by 2050 unless action is taken.