Bismuth subsalicylate may cause ringing in the ears, but that side effect is rare. Possible side effects from loperamide include skin rash, constipation, drowsiness, dizziness, tiredness, dry mouth, nausea, vomiting, and swelling, pain, and discomfort in the abdomen.
In the United States, the annual cost of soil erosion for both on-site and off-site effects has been estimated at 44 billion dollars a year (Pimentel et al., 1995). In the European Union, the figure is 38 billion Euros a year (Montanarella, 2007).
Deforestation causes some of the worst soil erosion. Forests keep soil where it is. The root structures of trees and other plants hold it in place, the natural mulch of leaves prevents soil from being exposed to the erosive forces of wind and rain. The canopy helps soften the impact of heavy rains.