In Africa, for example, tourismâs effects on indigenous peoples have been profound, with the eviction of communities from their lands, in addition to economic dislocation, breakdown of traditional values, and environmental degradation. Pastoralism has been attacked as primitive and destructive.
The ideas of the Enlightenment undermined the authority of the monarchy and the church, and prepared the way for the revolutions of the 18th and 19th centuries. A variety of 19th-century movements, including liberalism and neo-classicism, trace their intellectual heritage back to the Enlightenment.
The Enlightenment was a period of profound optimism, a sense that with science and reasonâand the consequent shedding of old superstitionsâhuman beings and human society would improve. You can probably tell already that the Enlightenment was anti-clerical; it was, for the most part, opposed to traditional Catholicism.