On closer inspection, you notice that there is a large black inclusion within the diamond structure. Inclusions that are large and pronounced can interrupt the passage of light through the gem, hindering the diamond brilliance and fire.
Abstract. The âmanganese-oxidizing groupâ is a phylogenetically diverse assemblage, which is characterized by the ability to catalyze the oxidation of divalent, soluble Mn(II) to insoluble manganese oxides of the general formula MnO x (where X is some number between 1 and 2).abitats of manganese-oxidizing bacteria: the two well-characterized general environments where one might expect to encounter natural enrichments of Mn-oxidizing bacteria. Mn(II) is also continuously supplied by inputs of anoxic (reduced) water into aerobic environments (Fig. 2, part II).
1. Manganese (Mn) is an essential trace element that is found in varying amounts in all tissues. Manganese concentrations are highest in tissues rich in mitochondria, where it forms stable complexes with ATP and inorganic phosphate. Manganese functions as a constituent of metalloenzymes and an activator of enzymes. key neurochemical alteration associated with manganese neurotoxicity is altered extracellular glutamate levels. Attenuated glutamate uptake by astrocytes has been invoked as the primary cause for this disturbance (Hazell and Norenberg, 1997 and Erikson and Aschner, 2002).