Rarely, proton pump inhibitors (such as omeprazole) have caused vitamin B-12 deficiency. The risk is increased if they are taken every day for a long time (3 years or longer). Tell your doctor right away if you develop symptoms of vitamin B-12 deficiency (such as unusual weakness, sore tongue, or numbness/tingling of the hands/feet).
Stability reliability refers to the consistency of students' scores when a test is administered to the same students on two different occasions. Alternate-form reliability describes the consistency of students' performances on two different (hopefully equivalent) versions of the same test.
Z-Scores; Empirical Rule. Suppose x is a value, or âscoreâ. We want to compare x to a data set (or population) with mean (or Î¼) and standard deviation s (or Ï). x may or may not be a part of the data set. Define the z-score for x as or. â¢ The z-score tells us how many standard deviations x is from the. mean. â¢ The further z is from zero, the more âatypicalâ x is, relative to. the given data set. In fact, the âempirical ruleâ states that for.