A deficiency of riboflavin can be primary - poor vitamin sources in one's daily diet - or secondary, which may be a result of conditions that affect absorption in the intestine, the body not being able to use the vitamin, or an increase in the excretion of the vitamin from the body.
Substantial evidence means more than a mere scintilla. It means such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.. Richardson v. Perales, 402 U.S. 389, 401 (1971).
In my experience, I usually hear substantial to describe a part of something that is either a very significant part or a part that could stand for the whole (i.e. it vaguely indicates the figurative or literal size of something).