frontal. adj. 1. of, at, or in the front. 2. (Anatomy) of or relating to the forehead: frontal artery. 3. (Anatomy) of or relating to the anterior part of a body or organ.
As the cost of solar electricity has fallen, the number of grid-connected solar PV systems has grown into the millions and utility-scale solar power stations with hundreds of megawatts are being built. Solar PV is rapidly becoming an inexpensive, low-carbon technology to harness renewable energy from the Sun.
Parabolic trough plant without thermal energy storage have capital costs as low as USD 4 600/kW, but low capacity factors of between 0.2 and 0.25. Adding six hours of thermal energy storage increases capital costs to between USD 7 100/kW to USD 9 800/kW, but allows capacity factors to be doubled.Solar tower plants can cost between USD 6 300 and USD 10 500/kW when energy storage is between 6 and 15 hours.. The levelised cost of electricity (LCOE) from CSP plants is currently high. Assuming the cost of capital is 10%, the LCOE of parabolic trough plants today is in the range USD 0.20 to USD 0.36/kWh and that of solar towers between USD 0.17 and USD 0.29/kWh.