Final Thoughts on Vitamin B12 Injections. 1  Vitamin B12 injections (or shots) are used to overcome vitamin B12 deficiency, which is common especially among the elderly, those with intestinal damage or disorders, people with pernicious anemia, and vegetarians/vegans.
Neurons communicate over long distances by sending signals called nerve impulses through the axons which make up a tract or nerve. Because each axon may branch into a whole tree, and because nerve impulses go down each branch when an axon divides, a single neuron may send signals to thousands of other neurons.
Immune cells communicate in a number of ways, either by cell-to-cell contact or through secreted signaling molecules. Receptors and ligands are fundamental for cellular communication. Receptors are protein structures that may be expressed on the surface of a cell or in intracellular compartments.hey then communicate with each other using lipid and other secreted mediators to form cellular swarms.. Their coordinated movement and exchange of signals then instructs other innate immune cells called macrophages and monocytes (in green) to surround the neutrophil cluster and form a tight wound seal.