A phonetic script for English created in 1847 by Isaac Pitman and Henry Ellis was used as a model for the IPA.
The Stack Data Structure in C and C++. The stack is a common data structure for representing things that need to maintained in a particular order. For instance, when a function calls another function, which in turn calls a third function, it's important that the third function return back to the second function rather than the first.
Whenever you call a new function, a new stack frame is pushed to the stack with parameters and variables local to that function. When that function returns, the stack frame is popped out and the context switches back to the previous function (the caller). A heap is a kind of a global memory pool.