The atmosphere is divided vertically into four layers based on temperature: the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. Throughout the Cycles unit, we'll focus primarily on the layer in which we live-the troposphere. Troposphere. The word troposphere comes from tropein, meaning to turn or change.
For example, the conventional date 1644 marks the year in which the Qing dynasty armies replaced the preceding Ming dynasty according to the dynastic cycle. However, the Qing dynasty was established in 1636 (or even 1616, albeit under a different name), while the last Ming dynasty pretender was not deposed until 1663. This change of ruling houses was a messy and prolonged affair, and the Qing took almost twenty years to extend their control over the whole of China.
The Ming Dynasty ruled China from 1368 to 1644. The Ming Dynasty is characterized by effective governing and social stability. Unlike previous dynasties, the Ming Dynasty had only one Departmentâthe Secretariat.