A phonetic script for English created in 1847 by Isaac Pitman and Henry Ellis was used as a model for the IPA.
The Stack Data Structure in C and C++. The stack is a common data structure for representing things that need to maintained in a particular order. For instance, when a function calls another function, which in turn calls a third function, it's important that the third function return back to the second function rather than the first.
For example, a stack may be either ascending (top of stack is at highest address) or descending. It may also be full (the stack pointer points at the top of stack) or empty (the stack pointer points just past the top of stack, where the next element would be pushed). The full/empty terminology is used in the Acorn Risc Machine and possibly elsewhere.