A voucher is a bond of the redeemable transaction type which is worth a certain monetary value and which may be spent only for specific reasons or on specific goods.
In 1985 a robot, the Unimation Puma 200, was used to place a needle for a brain biopsy using CT guidance. In 1992, the PROBOT, developed at Imperial College London, was used to perform prostatic surgery by Dr. Senthil Nathan at Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London. This was the first pure robotic surgery in the world.
The First Open Heart Surgery Performed on a Human The first open heart surgery conducted on a human patient occurred on September 2, 1952. Two surgeons from the University of Minnesota, Dr. Walton Lillehei and Dr. John Lewis, performed the procedure on a fiver-year-old girl with a hole in her heart.