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A: The three main tools of monetary policy used by the Federal Reserve are open-market operations, the discount rate and the reserve requirements. Through the use of these three tools, the Fed can manipulate market movements to exercise control over the economy.
For this purpose, it raises the bank rates, sells securities in the open market, raises the reserve ratio, and adopts a number of selective credit control measures, such as raising margin requirements and regulating consumer credit. Monetary policy may not be effective in controlling inflation, if inflation is due to cost-push factors. Monetary policy can only be helpful in controlling inflation due to demand-pull factors. (b) Demonetisation of Currency: However, one of the monetary measures is to demonetise currency of higher denominations.