A voucher is a bond of the redeemable transaction type which is worth a certain monetary value and which may be spent only for specific reasons or on specific goods.
In 1985 a robot, the Unimation Puma 200, was used to place a needle for a brain biopsy using CT guidance. In 1992, the PROBOT, developed at Imperial College London, was used to perform prostatic surgery by Dr. Senthil Nathan at Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London. This was the first pure robotic surgery in the world.
Peritoneal dialysis was first used for the management of end-stage renal disease in 1959.In 1968, Henry Tenckhoff developed the indwelling peritoneal catheter, which was placed via an open surgical technique.Subsequently, percutaneous and laparoscopic techniques for placement have been utilized.