Summary: In engineering, the transition from idea to product requires that the engineer produce clear proposals demonstrating the idea's practicality and economic feasibility. Smelser describes how writing is a key element in this process. Engineers don't need to know how to write.
Cradle to gate Cradle to gate is a boundary condition associated with embodied carbon, carbon footprint and LCA studies. A study to these boundaries considers all activities starting with the extraction of materials from the earth (the cradle), their transportation, refining, processing and fabrication activities until the material or product is ready to leave the factory gate.
Basic Operation. 1  Hydraulic Door Closers close a door automatically at an adjustable speed. 2  A Door Closer is usually mounted at the top of a door or above it on the jamb. 3  An internal Spring applies force to the Arm to close the door.  Spring strength and adjustment (if any) varies by model.