Navigation at Sea, History of. The first Western civilization known to have developed the art of navigation at sea were the Phoenicians, about 4,000 years ago (c. 2000 B.C.E. ). Phoenician sailors accomplished navigation by using primitive charts and observations of the Sun and stars to determine directions.
Air pollution risk is a function of the hazard of the pollutant and the exposure to that pollutant. Air pollution exposure can be expressed for an individual, for certain groups (e.g. neighborhoods or children living in a county), or for entire populations.ther examples include carbon monoxide gas from motor vehicle exhaust, or the sulfur dioxide released from factories. Secondary pollutants are not emitted directly. Rather, they form in the air when primary pollutants react or interact.
Air pollution occurs when the air contains gases, dust, fumes or odor in harmful amountsâaerosols are a subset of air pollution that refers to the tiny particles suspended everywhere in our atmosphere.mall particles suspended in the Earthâs atmosphere (aerosols) include fine aerosols such as pollution and smoke (red) and coarse aerosols such as dust and sea-salt (green). Image shows aerosol levels on April 13, 2001 as seen by a NASA satellite. Source: NASA.