Summary: In engineering, the transition from idea to product requires that the engineer produce clear proposals demonstrating the idea's practicality and economic feasibility. Smelser describes how writing is a key element in this process. Engineers don't need to know how to write.
Cradle to gate Cradle to gate is a boundary condition associated with embodied carbon, carbon footprint and LCA studies. A study to these boundaries considers all activities starting with the extraction of materials from the earth (the cradle), their transportation, refining, processing and fabrication activities until the material or product is ready to leave the factory gate.
A self-closing door mechanism or door closer is a device which is attached to the top of the door that pulls it shut when the door is released from the open position. This is achieved by means of an arm which rests against the door, which is connected either to a spring or pneumatic piston which pulls the door closed again.