The second and third sentences are called supporting sentences. They are called supporting because they support, or explain, the idea expressed in the topic sentence. Of course, paragraphs in English often have more than two supporting ideas. The paragraph above is actually a very short paragraph.
An academic degree is the state of recognized completion of studies at a school or university. A diploma is generally issued in recognition of having satisfactorily completed the prescribed course of study. special kind of examination is the Staatsexamen. It is not an academic degree but a government licensing examination that future doctors, dentists, teachers, lawyers (solicitors), judges, public prosecutors, patent attorneys, and pharmacists have to pass in order to be eligible to work in their profession.
Diploma vs Associate Degree. A Diploma is one type of certification, and an Associate degree is another type. Diploma and Associates degree, as the name specifies, are different in many aspects. There is no confusion between the two, as the difference is very specific.