Inhibition of Adenylate Cyclase: The muscarinic receptor, through interaction with an inhibitory GTP-binding protein, acts to inhibit adenylyl cyclase. Reduced cAMP production leads to reduced activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, reduced heart rate, and contraction strength.
In someone suffering with scleroderma, collagen (a protein manufactured by the connective tissues of the body) is produced in excess. This over-production of collagen can be likened to the process of scarring, which is the way the body heals a wound. For persons with scleroderma, the scarring gets out of hand.
The Causes And Effects Of Collagen Loss By NewBeauty Staff | July 12, 2010 Collagen is a tough, almost rubbery protein that's created by cells called fibroblasts. Packed together as bundles, fibrous bands of collagen serve as the main support system of the dermis, the deepest layer of skin. Collagen gives skin its strength, and it makes skin firm and flexible with the help of elastin. Collagen is essential for young-looking skin because it gives structure to its cells. When collagen levels becomes depleted, the skin has little internal support, causing it to sag and contributing to wrinkles. Furthermore, when there is ample collagen in the skin, it's strong and more resistant to the effects of weight gain, so a lack of it can lead to a greater risk of stretch marks. Around age 35, collagen production naturally begins to taper off, and the quality of the collagen diminishes.