In the hypothesis testing approach of Jerzy Neyman and Egon Pearson, a null hypothesis is contrasted with an alternative hypothesis, and the two hypotheses are distinguished on the basis of data, with certain error rates. Proponents of each approach criticize the other approach.
In geography, relief refers to the highest and lowest elevation points in an area. Mountains and ridges are typically the highest elevation points, while valleys and other low-lying areas are the lowest. Relief is essential to understanding the topography of an area.
8). The total relief of the ocean surface (not counting waves or tides) is only about 1.5 meters, but this is sufficient to drive the ocean circulation. To understand how the wind stress distorts sea level, with hills at the convergences, valleys at the divergences, one needs to invoke the hydrostatic relationship.