From the geology course I took in 1975: Minerals are naturally occurring crystals of compound. Snow is a mineral, but volcanic glass is not. Rocks are amalgams of minerals and non-minerals.
In corpus linguistics, a collocation is a sequence of words or terms that co-occur more often than would be expected by chance. In phraseology, collocation is a sub-type of phraseme. An example of a phraseological collocation, as propounded by Michael Halliday, is the expression strong tea.
This would be the languge, words and phrases used in casual situations by the people, as opposed to formal language.   Colloquial refers to ways things are said in a local area, that might be different to other parts. It is a local slang. An example of colloquial diction in a literary piece can be seen in Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn, where the main characters Huck and especially Jim (the black slave) speak using slang.