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The ductus arteriosus connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta, the ductus venosus connects the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava, and the foramen ovale allows blood to go directly from the right atrium to the left atrium. The pathway of blood through the fetal circulation system is as follows:
The inferior vena cava, the largest vein in the human body, transports blood from the lower limbs, most of the back, the abdominopelvic viscera and the abdominal walls to the right atrium. It is formed by the union of the common iliac veins at the level of the body of L5. During its course, it receives many veins referred to as tributaries of the inferior vena cava. This article will discuss the anatomy of these tributaries in detail, followed by any relevant clinical notes.