In the hypothesis testing approach of Jerzy Neyman and Egon Pearson, a null hypothesis is contrasted with an alternative hypothesis, and the two hypotheses are distinguished on the basis of data, with certain error rates. Proponents of each approach criticize the other approach.
In geography, relief refers to the highest and lowest elevation points in an area. Mountains and ridges are typically the highest elevation points, while valleys and other low-lying areas are the lowest. Relief is essential to understanding the topography of an area.
Orographic precipitation, also known as relief precipitation, is precipitation generated by a forced upward movement of air upon encountering a physiographic upland (see anabatic wind).This lifting can be caused by two mechanisms:1  The upward deflection of large scale horizontal flow by the orography.n orographic map of Eastern Siberia from 1875 by Peter Kropotkin. Orography (from the Greek ÏÏÎ¿Ï, hill, Î³ÏÎ±ÏÎ¯Î±, to write) is the study of the topographic relief of mountains, and can more broadly include hills, and any part of a region's elevated terrain.