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Lithium has been used for over half a century for the treatment of bipolar disorder as the archetypal mood stabilizer, and has a wealth of empirical evidence supporting its efficacy in this role. Despite this, the specific mechanisms by which lithium exerts its mood-stabilizing effects are not well understood.
Bipolar disorder can be a lifelong condition so lithium is typically used as a long-term, maintenance therapy, according to Drexel University. Consequently, its use as a maintenance therapy predisposes patients to the long term effects of lithium.