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When the hydraulic pressure is removed from the well, small grains of hydraulic fracturing proppants (either sand or aluminium oxide) hold the fractures open. Hydraulic fracturing began as an experiment in 1947, and the first commercially successful application followed in 1950.
The term has been used since at least as early as 1683 when, with a publication of that year stating that The scabbards mentioned in printers' grammars of the last century were of cardboard or millboard.