Within the brain, the autonomic nervous system is regulated by the hypothalamus. Autonomic functions include control of respiration, cardiac regulation (the cardiac control center), vasomotor activity (the vasomotor center), and certain reflex actions such as coughing, sneezing, swallowing and vomiting.
Some substitutions for flour, like cake flour substitutes or bread flour substitutes, may alter slightly the taste, texture, weight, or moisture content of the finished cake or bread. But, most people cannot tell which self-rising flour substitute or cake flour substitute you have used in your recipe. These suggestions for a flour substitute are meant to save you a trip to the store during your cooking process.
Bread flour, with its high protein content, isn't suitable for cupcakes. Recipes that specifically call for cake flour have a proven formula and should be respected. To substitute all-purpose flour, use 3/4 cup of all-purpose flour plus 2 tablespoons of cornstarch for every cup of cake flour. Substituting whole wheat flour in cupcakes results in a denser cake and should replace no more than half of the white flour in your recipe.