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Lithium has been used for over half a century for the treatment of bipolar disorder as the archetypal mood stabilizer, and has a wealth of empirical evidence supporting its efficacy in this role. Despite this, the specific mechanisms by which lithium exerts its mood-stabilizing effects are not well understood.
In 1949, Dr. John Cade, an Australian psychiatrist, found lithium to be an effective treatment of mania. In the years that followed, lithium has become the mainstay of treatment for bipolar disorder. A steady regimen of lithium is taken to prevent manic and depressed episodes. Blood levels need to be checked periodically to avoid toxic levels.