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5 By prohibiting multiple punishments for a single criminal act Penal Code section 654. affords protection beyond and different from that given by either the constitutional proscrip-. tion of subsequent jeopardy or the implementation of that doctrine by Penal Code section 1023..
When multiple parties are involved, the traditional first step is to classify the participants according to the following categories: 1  Principal in the first degree â those who actually commit a crime (i.e. the perpetrator). Perpetrators are not accomplices and this section does not pertain to them.