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1. In some cases, the cofactor completes the active site of the enzyme or modifies it in such a manner that substrate binding can ensue. 2. The cofactor acts as a donor of electrons or atoms to the substrate and following the reaction is returned to its former state.
Cofactors can be subdivided into either one or more inorganic ions, or a complex organic or metalloorganic molecule called a coenzyme; most of which are derived from vitamins and from required organic nutrients in small amounts. A cofactor that is tightly or even covalently bound is termed a prosthetic group.Some sources also limit the use of the term cofactor to inorganic substances. An inactive enzyme without the cofactor is called an apoenzyme, while the complete enzyme with cofactor is called a holoenzyme.ofactors can be divided into two broad groups: organic cofactors, such as flavin or heme, and inorganic cofactors, such as the metal ions Mg 2+ , Cu + , Mn 2+ , or iron-sulfur clusters. Organic cofactors are sometimes further divided into coenzymes and prosthetic groups.