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1. In some cases, the cofactor completes the active site of the enzyme or modifies it in such a manner that substrate binding can ensue. 2. The cofactor acts as a donor of electrons or atoms to the substrate and following the reaction is returned to its former state.
Many different mammalian cell-surface receptors are coupled to a trimeric signal-transducing G protein. As noted earlier, ligand binding to these receptors activates their associated G protein, which then activates an effector enzyme to generate an intracellular second messenger (see Figure 20-3a).