Occasionally, the atlantooccipital membrane may be partially ossified, resulting in an apparent bone fragment posterior to the superior articular process. This should not be confused with a fracture of the atlas or occipital condyle (Figs. 8A and 8B).
Belinda Childs, MN, ARNP, BC-ADM, CDE, responds. Skin abscesses, also known as boils, are more common in people with uncontrolled diabetes. They are usually caused by bacteria, typically Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus, but the abscesses can also be caused by other bacteria.
The incidence of diabetic nephropathy is higher in diabetics with one or more of the following conditions: Poor control of blood glucose; Uncontrolled high blood pressure; Type 1 diabetes mellitus, with onset before age 20; Past or current cigarette use; A family history of diabetic nephropathy; Pathophysiology