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Esophageal cancer can also spread to the lungs, liver, stomach, and other parts of the body. There are two major types of esophageal cancer: 1  Squamous cell carcinoma. 2  This type of esophageal cancer starts in squamous cells that line the esophagus. 3  It usually develops in the upper and middle part of the esophagus.
Next, the tongue pushes the food from the mouth to the throat (pharynx). The voice box (larynx) closes so no food can enter the breathing passages or lungs. Finally, a special muscle called a sphincter, located where the throat and esophagus join, opens so the food can move into the esophagus. Esophageal phase of swallowing. The esophagus is a tube-like organ that connects the mouth and throat with the stomach. At each end, the tube is closed by the contraction of special muscles called sphincters. The esophagus and sphincter muscles are designed to move what is swallowed to the stomach. They also prevent stomach contents from moving back up into the esophagus and breathing passages. Food that enters the esophagus is squeezed down to the stomach by a special muscle contraction called peristalsis.