Heavy drinking can cause the number of oxygen-carrying red blood cells to be abnormally low. This condition, known as anemia, can trigger a host of symptoms, including fatigue, shortness of breath, and lightheadedness.
The human leukocyte antigen system or complex is a gene complex encoding the major histocompatibility complex proteins in humans. These cell-surface proteins are responsible for the regulation of the immune system in humans. The HLA gene complex resides on a 3 Mbp stretch within chromosome 6p21. HLA genes are highly polymorphic, which means that they have many different alleles, allowing them to fine-tune the adaptive immune system. The proteins encoded by certain genes are also known as antigen
CTLA4 is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily and is a costimulatory molecule expressed by activated T cells. CTLA4 is similar to the T-cell costimulatory CD28 (186760), and both molecules bind to B7-1 (CD80; 112203) and B7-2 (CD86; 601020) on antigen-presenting cells. CTLA4 transmits an inhibitory signal to T cells, whereas CD28 transmits a stimulatory signal (Magistrelli et al., 1999).