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Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) is being used widely to reduce and control the oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emission from diesel engines. EGR controls the NOx because it lowers oxygen concentration and flame temperature of the working fluid in the combustion chamber.
If a gas engine car gets 30 mpg on regular gasoline, to match cost per mile, a diesel engine car would have to return 35.4 mpg. To match a premium-gas car, the diesel would have to get 32.5 mpg. Diesels are rated 15% to 40% more efficient than gas engine cars, so the diesel vs. premium comparison is a slam dunk for diesel; diesel vs. regular is likely but less clear until you factor in residuals.