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Esophageal cancer can also spread to the lungs, liver, stomach, and other parts of the body. There are two major types of esophageal cancer: 1  Squamous cell carcinoma. 2  This type of esophageal cancer starts in squamous cells that line the esophagus. 3  It usually develops in the upper and middle part of the esophagus.
Esophagus. The esophagus is a hollow muscular tube that connects the back of the throat to the top of the stomach. In an adult, this tube normally ranges from about 10-14 inches in length, and one inch in diameter. At rest, the esophagus is closed but opens readily to accept food and liquids. The muscles in the upper portion of the esophagus are under voluntary control. The remaining portion consists of smooth muscle like the rest of the digestive tract and is not under voluntary control. An internal image of a healthy esophagus. To keep food from coming back up from the stomach, the esophagus has two circular bands of involuntary muscle.