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Ribosomes are made up of two subunits, cleverly referred to as the small subunit and the large subunit. You may also hear them called the 30S and 50S in bacteria or the 40S and 60S in eukaryotes. The small and large subunits join together to make 70S or 80S, respectively. Ribosomes really have two tasks: decode messenger RNA (mRNA) and synthesize proteins. The decoding function is performed by the small subunit and the protein synthesis part is performed by the large subunit. Talking to my scientist friends, I would call the ribosome a ribonucleoprotein complex, or RNP.
Overview [edit]. The purpose of the ribosome is to translate messenger RNA (mRNA) to proteins with the aid of tRNA. In eukaryotes, ribosomes can commonly be found in the cytosol of a cell, the endoplasmic reticulum or mRNA, as well as the matrix of the mitochondria.