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Esophageal cancer can also spread to the lungs, liver, stomach, and other parts of the body. There are two major types of esophageal cancer: 1  Squamous cell carcinoma. 2  This type of esophageal cancer starts in squamous cells that line the esophagus. 3  It usually develops in the upper and middle part of the esophagus.
Â© 2014 WebMD, LLC. All rights reserved. The esophagus is a muscular tube connecting the throat (pharynx) with the stomach. The esophagus is about 8 inches long, and is lined by moist pink tissue called mucosa. The esophagus runs behind the windpipe (trachea) and heart, and in front of the spine. Just before entering the stomach, the esophagus passes through the diaphragm. The upper esophageal sphincter (UES) is a bundle of muscles at the top of the esophagus. The muscles of the UES are under conscious control, used when breathing, eating, belching, and vomiting.