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Ribosomes are made up of two subunits, cleverly referred to as the small subunit and the large subunit. You may also hear them called the 30S and 50S in bacteria or the 40S and 60S in eukaryotes. The small and large subunits join together to make 70S or 80S, respectively. Ribosomes really have two tasks: decode messenger RNA (mRNA) and synthesize proteins. The decoding function is performed by the small subunit and the protein synthesis part is performed by the large subunit. Talking to my scientist friends, I would call the ribosome a ribonucleoprotein complex, or RNP.
The function of the ribosome is to bind the tRNA molecules and then move through the ribosome. As the tRNAs are moved, the ribosomeâs configuration brings the amino acids into contact and then severs the bonds between tRNA and amino acid. In a general sense, RNA is acting as an enzyme that catalyzes the reactions that form the amino acid chain.