Infiltration of air into a flare system can lead to flame. burnback (also called flashback), which can initiate a. destructive detonation in the system. Burnback is one of. the primary modes of premature failure of a flare tip, and. can often be observed only at night. Air can enter the flare. system in one or more ways: through the stack exit by. buoyant exchange, wind action, or contraction of gases. due to cooling; through leaks in piping connections; or as.
Scale factor. The amount by which the image grows or shrinks is called the Scale Factor. Experiment with the scale factor slider to gets a feel for this idea. 1  If the scale factor is say 2, the image is enlarged so its dimensions are twice the original. 2  If it is 0.5, the image is reduced, with its dimensions half the original. 3  When the scale factor is 1, the image is the exact same size as the original.
Effect size is a simple way of quantifying the difference between two groups that has many advantages over the use of tests of statistical significance alone. Effect size emphasises the size of the difference rather than confounding this with sample size. However, primary reports rarely mention effect sizes and few textbooks, research methods courses or computer packages address the concept. This paper provides an explication of what an effect size is, how it is calculated and how it can be interpreted. The relationship between effect size and statistical significance is discussed and the use of confidence intervals for the latter outlined.