These proteins are also part of the immune system (immunoglobulins), help blood to clot (clotting factors), maintain pH balance, and are enzymes involved in chemical reactions throughout the body. Electrolytes are another large category of substances dissolved in plasma. They include:
An ideal op amp has infinite gain (), infinite input resistance ( ), and zero output resistance (). You should use these two assumptions to analyze the op amp circuits covered in the assignments below.
However, due to manufacturing process, the differential input transistors of real op-amps may not be exactly matched. This causes the output to be zero at a non-zero value of differential input, called the input offset voltage.Typical values for are around 1 to 10mV for cheap commercial-grade op-amp integrated circuits (IC).hopper amplifiers actively measure and compensate for the input offset voltage, and may be used when very low offset voltages are required. Input bias current and input offset current also affect the net offset voltage seen for a given amplifier.