These proteins are also part of the immune system (immunoglobulins), help blood to clot (clotting factors), maintain pH balance, and are enzymes involved in chemical reactions throughout the body. Electrolytes are another large category of substances dissolved in plasma. They include:
An ideal op amp has infinite gain (), infinite input resistance ( ), and zero output resistance (). You should use these two assumptions to analyze the op amp circuits covered in the assignments below.
An ideal voltmeter has two terminals and senses the voltage between the terminals where they may be connected to a circuit. Ideally the voltmeter has infinite resistance. It is polarized and indicates polarity as well as the magnitude of the voltage. An ideal ammeter is a two terminal device, also polarized. It is connected in series with circuit elements to measure the sign and magnitude of the current flowing through that component. The circuit has to be opened to insert the ammeter to measure current flow. The ideal ammeter has no resistance to flow.