Damage may be a result of the direct effects of alcohol on the brain or may result indirectly, from a poor general health status or from severe liver disease. For example, thiamine deficiency is a common occurrence in people with alcoholism and results from poor overall nutrition.
In the case of a longitudinal wave, a wavelength measurement is made by measuring the distance from a compression to the next compression or from a rarefaction to the next rarefaction. On the diagram above, the distance from point A to point C or from point B to point D would be representative of the wavelength.
For values of b that are negative, then the horizontal compression or horizontal stretching of the graph is followed by a reflection across the y-axis. To determine the coordinates of a specific point under a horizontal stretch or compression, the y-value remains the same and the x-value is divided by b.