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Our latitude in Shawnee is 35 degrees north, and we find Polaris 35 degrees above the northern horizon. Similarly, to sail west at a constant latitude Columbus kept the north star at a constant altitude above the horizon.
The altitude of the Sun is the angle the Sun is above the horizon, your horizontal viewing surface. The solar altitude is zero at sunrise and sunset. To determine the altitude of the Sun, we can usean ancient astronomical measuring device known as a gnomon, which is a vertical stick set in theground that casts a shadow. The gnomon is illustrated in the diagram below.