In most biological reactions using ATP, the terminal P of ATP is transferred to a substrate using an enzyme called a kinase. Hence, hexokinase transfers the gamma phosphate from ATP to a hexose sugar. Protein kinase is an enzyme which transfers the gamma phosphate to a protein substrate.he linkage between oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and the phosphorylation of ADP by 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate can be artificially uncoupled by adding arsenate, which has a similar structure as phosphate.
MENA is home to seven of the top 10 worldâs largest oil companies measured by reserves. Leader of the pack is Saudi Arabia with its Saudi Aramco company, followed by Iraq NOC, Kuwait Petroleum, Abu Dhabi NOC, National Iran Oil Co., Libyan NOC, and Qatar NOC.
Ten states accounted for roughly 94% of all onshore U.S. reserves as of the end of 2011, with roughly a third of this in Texas alone â just over 7 billion barrels. In many of these states, the oil industry is a major part of their economies. Based on the U.S. Energy Information Administration's data on proved oil reserves by states, these are the most oil-rich states in the country. These states process the vast majority of the oil refined in the U.S. each year. Of the nation's 139 operating refineries, 89 are located in these states.