Probability axioms. In Kolmogorov's probability theory, the probability P of some event E, denoted P ( E ) {\displaystyle P(E)} , is usually defined such that P satisfies the Kolmogorov axioms, named after the Russian mathematician Andrey Kolmogorov, which are described below.
Pernicious anemia due to lack of intrinsic factor is not preventable. Vitamin B12 deficiency due to other causes may be prevented with a balanced diet or with supplements. Pernicious anemia can be easily treated with either injections or pills of vitamin B12. If the symptoms are severe, injections are typically recommended initially.
Pernicious anemia is a macrocytic anemia caused by vitamin B12 deficiency that is due to a lack of IF secretion by gastric mucosa. Serum methylmalonic acid and homocysteine levels are also elevated in vitamin B12 deficiency states. Folate: The term folate refers to all derivatives of folic acid.