Bottlenecks, i.e. local reductions of capacity, are one of the most relevant scenarios of traffic systems. The asymmetric simple exclusion process (ASEP) with a defect is a minimal model for such a bottleneck scenario. One crucial question is âWhat is the critical strength of the defect that is required to create global effects, i.e. traffic jams localised at the defect positionâ.
An analysis of variation in five selected states in average total maternal care costs for women with employer-provided Commercial insurance in 2010 found a large spread: In Louisiana, maternal payments were $10,318 for vaginal births and $13,943 for cesarean births.
1 A normal baby delivery in the U.S. costs on average about $10,000 while it's $8,307 in Switzerland and $2,251 in Spain. 2  If that delivery becomes a C-section, the cost in the U.S. increases to $15,240 on average, but would cost $5,492 in the Netherlands. 3  Drug costs can also be quite different.