Bottlenecks, i.e. local reductions of capacity, are one of the most relevant scenarios of traffic systems. The asymmetric simple exclusion process (ASEP) with a defect is a minimal model for such a bottleneck scenario. One crucial question is âWhat is the critical strength of the defect that is required to create global effects, i.e. traffic jams localised at the defect positionâ.
An analysis of variation in five selected states in average total maternal care costs for women with employer-provided Commercial insurance in 2010 found a large spread: In Louisiana, maternal payments were $10,318 for vaginal births and $13,943 for cesarean births.
1 The typical cost for a C-section without complications or a vaginal delivery with complications ranges from about $14,000 to $25,000 or more. 2  For patients with insurance, out-of-pocket costs usually range from under $500 to $3,000 or more, depending on the plan. The biggest factors affecting the cost of a birth are: whether it is vaginal or Cesarean; whether there are complications; and the length of the hospital stay. 2  Geographical location also plays a part; baby delivery is most expensive in the Northeast and on the West coast and least expensive in the south.