We get the word 'allegory' from the Latin word 'allegoria ,' taken from the Greek word for 'veiled language.' Think of an allegory as an umbrella term for stories with deeper meaning-stories that are more than stories. Some allegories are very heavily veiled and might require an English professor to explain them to you.
A neutral phosphorus atom has 15 electrons. Two electrons can go into the 1 s subshell, 2 can go into the 2 s subshell, and 6 can go into the 2 p subshell. That leaves 5 electrons. Of those 5 electrons, 2 can go into the 3 s subshell, and the remaining 3 electrons can go into the 3 p subshell.
The atomic number of an atom in the ground state is the same as the atomic number. So, sodium should contain 11 electrons in its electron configuration and magnesium should contain 12 electrons in its electron configuration. Each atom occupies an orbital in a certain order.