The goal of catheter ablation and surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation is to disconnect triggers and/or to modify the substrate for AF. Mapping and radiofrequency (RF) ablation of AF is one of the most complex ablation procedures.
Erythropoietin is produced in the kidney and liver in response to low oxygen levels. In addition, erythropoietin is bound by circulating red blood cells; low circulating numbers lead to a relatively high level of unbound erythropoietin, which stimulates production in the bone marrow.
Erythropoietin is produced by the kidney and acts on bone marrow to stimulate the production of mature red blood cells. The kidneys also produce prostaglandins. Renin is an enzyme produced by the kidneys that plays an important role in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone hormonal system.