The goal of catheter ablation and surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation is to disconnect triggers and/or to modify the substrate for AF. Mapping and radiofrequency (RF) ablation of AF is one of the most complex ablation procedures.
Erythropoietin is produced in the kidney and liver in response to low oxygen levels. In addition, erythropoietin is bound by circulating red blood cells; low circulating numbers lead to a relatively high level of unbound erythropoietin, which stimulates production in the bone marrow.
Erythropoietin (EPO). Erythropoietin is a glycoprotein. It acts on the bone marrow to increase the production of red blood cells. Stimuli such as bleeding or moving to high altitudes (where oxygen is scarcer) trigger the release of EPO.People with failing kidneys can be kept alive by dialysis.alcitriol. 1  calciferol (vitamin D 3) which is synthesized in skin exposed to the ultraviolet rays of the sun. 2  precursors (vitamin D) ingested in the diet. 3  calciferol is converted in the liver into 25[OH] vitamin D 3. 4  this is carried to the kidneys (bound to a serum globulin) where it is converted into calcitriol.