The goal of catheter ablation and surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation is to disconnect triggers and/or to modify the substrate for AF. Mapping and radiofrequency (RF) ablation of AF is one of the most complex ablation procedures.
Erythropoietin is produced in the kidney and liver in response to low oxygen levels. In addition, erythropoietin is bound by circulating red blood cells; low circulating numbers lead to a relatively high level of unbound erythropoietin, which stimulates production in the bone marrow.
Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents (ESAs). DESCRIPTION. Erythropoietin is a glycoprotein produced in the kidneys responsible for the stimulation of red blood cell production. Epoetin alfa is a synthetic form of erythropoietin. Epoetin alfa, a 165 amino acid glycoprotein produced through recombinant DNA technology, has the same biological effects as endogenous erythropoietin.