The Investiture Controversy or Investiture Contest was the most significant conflict between Church and state in medieval Europe. In the 11th and 12th centuries, a series of popes challenged the authority of European monarchies.
The first ghetto was established in Lodz, Poland, on February 8, 1940. Approximately 155,000 Jews, almost one-third of the cityâs total population, were forced to live in the Lodz ghetto.As Lodz was a center of textile production, this ghetto was of considerable economic importance to the German war machine.he first ghetto was established in Lodz, Poland, on February 8, 1940. Approximately 155,000 Jews, almost one-third of the cityâs total population, were forced to live in the Lodz ghetto. As Lodz was a center of textile production, this ghetto was of considerable economic importance to the German war machine.
Approximately 80 percent of all food that entered the ghetto arrived illegally. The ghettos in Nazi-occupied eastern Europe were established at the beginning of World War II, after the conquest of Poland in 1939, and the occupation of Soviet-annexed territories in June, 1941. There was no general directive to seal off the ghettos simultaneously. The first ghetto in occupied Poland-Piotrkow Trybunalski-was set up in the autumn of 1939. The Lodz ghetto, which at the time of its isolation from the outside world had 165,000 inhabitants, was formed in the spring of 1940. The Warsaw ghetto, the largest, which at its peak period contained 450,000 Jews, was sealed in November, 1940. The administrations of the various ghettos were not identical.