The total congestion cost, which is the value of wasted time and fuel, is estimated to have cost US urban areas $101 billion in 2010, or $713 per commuter. The largest urban areas, not surprisingly, incur the highest congestion costs (see figure 1).
Cisco Packet Tracer is a powerful network simulator that can be utilized in training for CCNA TM and CCNP TM certification exam by allowing students to create networks with an almost unlimited number of devices and to experience troubleshooting without having to buy real CiscoTM routers or switches.
What is Null Interface and How to Configure Null Interface on Cisco Router. Like loopback interface, Null interface or bit bucket is also a virtual or software interface present in the Cisco routers. It is not physically present like physical interfaces like Ethernet, Serial interface, Gigabit interface. The null interface is can also be called as âbit bucket or black holeâ interface.