The total congestion cost, which is the value of wasted time and fuel, is estimated to have cost US urban areas $101 billion in 2010, or $713 per commuter. The largest urban areas, not surprisingly, incur the highest congestion costs (see figure 1).
Cisco Packet Tracer is a powerful network simulator that can be utilized in training for CCNA TM and CCNP TM certification exam by allowing students to create networks with an almost unlimited number of devices and to experience troubleshooting without having to buy real CiscoTM routers or switches.
Definition. Network cabling scheme in which one cable sequentially connects all nodes and forms a closed loop. A data packet starting from the originating node is examined by the next active node if it is addressed to that node. If it does, it is copied, otherwise it is regenerated and passed on to the next node until it reaches back the originating node and is discarded. The ability to regenerate data packets allows a ring topology to span far greater distance than bus or star topologies.