The total congestion cost, which is the value of wasted time and fuel, is estimated to have cost US urban areas $101 billion in 2010, or $713 per commuter. The largest urban areas, not surprisingly, incur the highest congestion costs (see figure 1).
Cisco Packet Tracer is a powerful network simulator that can be utilized in training for CCNA TM and CCNP TM certification exam by allowing students to create networks with an almost unlimited number of devices and to experience troubleshooting without having to buy real CiscoTM routers or switches.
In this article we will learn about the main components of a Cisco router and how the boot process takes place. Types of memory. Generally Cisco routers (and switches) contain four types of memory: Read-Only Memory (ROM): ROM stores the routerâs bootstrap startup program, operating system software, and power-on diagnostic test programs (POST). Flash Memory: Generally referred to simply as âflashâ, the IOS images are held here.