Article 156 in 1919 officially transferred the concessions in Shandong to Japan rather than returning sovereign authority to China. Despite its formal agreement to Japan's terms (in 1915 and 1918), China at Paris in 1919 now denounced the transfer of German holdings, and won the strong support of President Wilson.
A breastplate (used interchangeably with breastcollar, breaststrap and breastgirth) is a piece of riding equipment used on horses. Its purpose is to keep the saddle or harness from sliding back. On riding horses, it is most helpful on horses with large shoulders and a flat ribcage.
The term boilerplate refers to standardized language in contracts. Although often grouped together, boilerplate provisions don't have much in common with one another except that they don't fit anywhere else in the agreement. For that reason, they are usually dumped at the end of the agreement under a title such as Miscellaneous, General, or Standard.. Even though boilerplate is buried in the back of the agreement, these provisions are important. They affect how disputes are resolved and how a court enforces the contract.