Many of the methods used in participatory research are drawn from mainstream disciplines and conventional research itself involves varying degrees of participation. The key difference between participatory and conventional methodologies lies in the location of power in the research process.
Symptoms of botulism usually start around 7-10 days after contamination. The botulinum toxins block the action of the nerves on the muscles. As a result, the first signs of botulism are muscle weakness and poor co-ordination. In the early stages the horse has muscle tremors.
This disease can occur in both adult horses and in foals. In foals, the disease is usually seen in animals less than four weeks old and is called shaker foal syndrome.. Botulism is very serious and if left untreated, the disease is usually fatal.