The total congestion cost, which is the value of wasted time and fuel, is estimated to have cost US urban areas $101 billion in 2010, or $713 per commuter. The largest urban areas, not surprisingly, incur the highest congestion costs (see figure 1).
Cisco Packet Tracer is a powerful network simulator that can be utilized in training for CCNA TM and CCNP TM certification exam by allowing students to create networks with an almost unlimited number of devices and to experience troubleshooting without having to buy real CiscoTM routers or switches.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Port Aggregation Protocol (PAgP) is a Cisco Systems proprietary networking protocol, which is used for the automated, logical aggregation of Ethernet switch ports, known as an etherchannel. This means it can only be used between Cisco switches and/or switches from licensed vendors. A similar purpose protocol known as LACP, released by the IEEE known as 802.3ad, is an industry standard and is not tied to any specific vendor. PAgP can be configured on a Cisco switch to operate in three different modes.