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Carrier-mediated transport enables molecules with low lipid solubility to traverse the blood-brain barrier. Glucose from blood enters the brain by a transport protein. Glucose is the primary energy substrate of the brain. Glucose transport protein (GLUT-1) is highly enriched in brain capillary endothelial cells. These transporters carry glucose molecules through the blood brain barrier.
The H+ in the blood, however, cannot cross the blood-brain barrier, and thus cannot influence the medullary chemoreceptors. Carbon dioxide in the arterial blood can cross the blood-brain barrier and, through the formation of carbonic acid, can lower the pH of cerebrospinal fluid (fig. 16.30).n increase in blood CO2 stimulates breathing indirectly by lowering the pH of blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This figure illustrates how a rise in blood CO2 increases the H+ concentration (lowers the pH) of CSF and thereby stimulates chemoreceptor neurons in the medulla oblongata.