Whether a given star is circumpolar at the observer's latitude (Î¸) may be calculated in terms of the star's declination (Î´). The star is circumpolar if Î¸+Î´ is greater than +90Â° (observer in northern hemisphere), or Î¸+Î´ is less than â90Â° (observer in southern hemisphere).
Countervailing duties. Countervailing duties (CVDs), also known as anti-subsidy duties, are trade import duties imposed under World Trade Organization (WTO) rules to neutralize the negative effects of subsidies. They are imposed after an investigation finds that a foreign country subsidizes its exports, injuring domestic producers in the importing country.
In India Additional Customs Duties/ CVD is levied on imported items under section 3 of Customs Tariff act 1975. It is equal to the Central Excise Duty that is levied on similar goods produced within India. This duty is calculated on the aggregate value of goods including BDC and landing charges.