environment. The sum total of all surroundings of a living organism, including natural forces and other living things, which provide conditions for development and growth as well as of danger and damage.
Under subpoena in 1948, he testified in what became Alger Hiss's perjury (espionage) trials (1949â1950) and he became an outspoken anti-communist (all described in his 1952 memoir Witness). Afterwards, he worked briefly as a senior editor at National Review (1957â1959). President Ronald Reagan awarded him the Medal of Freedom posthumously in 1984.
This promise was put to the test in October 1973 during the so-called Saturday Night Massacre, when Nixon ordered Attorney General Richardson to fire Special Prosecutor Cox, who had continued to press for full release of the President's secret Oval Office tapes.