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Bacillus anthracis is the pathogen that causes anthrax Originally known as an important animal pathogen, it was the first bacterium to be used for the preparation of a vaccine based on attenuated bacteria by Louis Pasteur in 1881.
In 1872, Ferdinand Cohn, a contemporary of Robert Koch, recognized and named the bacterium Bacillus subtilis. The organism is Gram-positive, capable of growth in the presence of oxygen, and forms a unique type of resting cell called an endospore.The organism represented what was to become a large and diverse genus of bacteria named Bacillus, in the Family Bacillaceae.n order to accommodate former members of the genus Bacillus covered in this chapter, its title has been changed to  Gram-positive aerobic or facultative endospore-forming bacteria .