Stars have fascinated us since the beginning of history. For eons, mankind has looked to the heavens and wondered at the stars in the sky. Ancient people believed they could see shapes among the stars.
Beta-lactam antibiotics. Î²-Lactam antibiotics are the most widely used class of drugs for the treatment of bacterial infections and have been prescribed for over 70 years (Crowder, Spencer, & Vila, 2006; Daumann, Schenk, & Gahan, 2014; Page & Badarau, 2008; Phelan et al., 2014). From: Advances in Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology, 2014
Through hydrolysis, the lactamase enzyme breaks the Î²-lactam ring open, deactivating the molecule's antibacterial properties. Beta-lactam antibiotics are typically used to treat a broad spectrum of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.EM-1 is the most commonly encountered beta-lactamase in Gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1.