Discounting principle. - Discounting principle: Discounting principle refers to a rule of Attribution which states that the perceived role of a cause will be discounted or reduced if other plausible causes are also present.
The Poisson Effect When a tensile stress is applied to a material, the material elongates in the direction of the applied stress, and contracts perpendicular to the direction of the applied stress. This relationship, called the Poisson effect, is a natural response to applied stress that occurs with all materials, but is particularly apparent with ductile materials. For example, when a metal bar is pulled in a tensile test, it stretches out and necks down on. the sides.
The Cascade Effect. âAn ecological cascade effect is a series of secondary extinctions that is triggered by the primary extinction of a key species in an ecosystemâ. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascade_effect_(ecology)). Recently, the removal of apex predators from food chains in certain areas of the world has had a devastating effect on the ecosystem from which it derives, one of the most common predators removed being the shark.