Kidney Stones, also known as renal calculi, are hard masses that separate urine from the urinary tract. These stones can occur anywhere in the urinary tract, including the kidneys, bladder, ureters and urethra.
This fluid is called the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). When it leaks out, the pressure around the brain and spinal cord drops. Causes of leakage through the dura include: 1  Certain head, brain, or spinal surgeries.  Head injury.
A CSF leak occurs when a tear or hole forms in the membrane that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. This allows the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which supports and bathes the central nervous system, to seep out. The following are proven causes of a CSF leak: Certain head, brain, or spinal surgeries; Major trauma, head and spinal injuries; Minor trauma, such as a sneeze, a violent cough or twist; Placement of tubes for epidural anaesthesia or pain medications; Lumbar punctures and spinal taps;