Kidney Stones, also known as renal calculi, are hard masses that separate urine from the urinary tract. These stones can occur anywhere in the urinary tract, including the kidneys, bladder, ureters and urethra.
This fluid is called the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). When it leaks out, the pressure around the brain and spinal cord drops. Causes of leakage through the dura include: 1  Certain head, brain, or spinal surgeries.  Head injury.
Several conditions can result in a cerebrospinal fluid leak. For example, a patient may develop a CSF leak after sustaining a head injury. Leakage of the cerebrospinal fluid may occur after certain medical procedures. A leak may occur after a lumbar puncture, or spinal tap, which is a procedure in which a sample of the cerebrospinal fluid is drawn. In this case, the leakage occurs where the puncture was done. Some patients may develop a CSF leak after having surgery on the brain, spinal cord or head. Other causes of a cerebrospinal fluid leak include cervical bone spurs, epidural anesthesia and epidural steroid injections. A CSF leak can result in several different symptoms. Patients may have a headache, which MedlinePlus described as worsening when patients sit up, and improves when patients lie down.