Formation and Nature of Pearl: Pearl is secreted by the mantle of the pearl oyster as a protection against foreign objects which may be sand particles, minute larval forms or other such things. To study the mode of formation of pearl it is essential to know the structure of the shell and mantle.
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Martensite is formed in carbon steels by the rapid cooling (quenching) of the austenite form of iron at such a high rate that carbon atoms do not have time to diffuse out of the crystal structure in large enough quantities to form cementite (Fe3C). Austenite is Î³-Fe, (gamma-phase iron), a solid solution of iron and alloying elements. As a result of the quenching, the face-centered cubic austenite transforms to a highly strained body-centered tetragonal form called martensite that is supersaturated with carbon.