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1 Common causes of heel pain include obesity, ill-fitting shoes, running and jumping on hard surfaces, abnormal walking style, injuries and certain diseases.  Plantar fasciitis is inflammation of the ligament that runs the length of the foot, commonly caused by overstretching.
Conditions that may cause heel pain include: 1  When the tendon that connects the back of your leg to your heel becomes swollen and painful near the bottom of the foot. 2  Swelling of the fluid-filled sac (bursa) at the back of the heel bone under the Achilles tendon (bursitis)  Bone spurs in the heel.