Penalties for computer related crimes in New York State can range from a fine and a short period of jail time for a Class A misdemeanor such as unauthorized use of a computer up to computer tampering in the first degree which is a Class C felony and can carry 3 to 15 years in prison.
In coordination chemistry, a ligand (/lÉªÉ¡Énd/) is an ion or molecule (functional group) that binds to a central metal atom to form a coordination complex.The bonding between metal and ligand generally involves formal donation of one or more of the ligand's electron pairs.he arrangement of the d-orbitals on the central atom (as determined by the 'strength' of the ligand), has a strong effect on virtually all the properties of the resulting complexes. E.g., the energy differences in the d-orbitals has a strong effect in the optical absorption spectra of metal complexes.
A complex is a compound in which a central metal atom is surrounded ligands that form dative covalent bonds with it. Complexes are discussed in Chemical Ideas Section 11.6: The d block: complex formation.igands split d orbitals [edit]. Without ligands, all five d orbitals have equal energy. A complex needs ligands to be coloured. Without ligands, all five d orbitals are equal in energy (degenerate is a word often used here â it simply means of the same energy).