Penalties for computer related crimes in New York State can range from a fine and a short period of jail time for a Class A misdemeanor such as unauthorized use of a computer up to computer tampering in the first degree which is a Class C felony and can carry 3 to 15 years in prison.
In coordination chemistry, a ligand (/lÉªÉ¡Énd/) is an ion or molecule (functional group) that binds to a central metal atom to form a coordination complex.The bonding between metal and ligand generally involves formal donation of one or more of the ligand's electron pairs.he arrangement of the d-orbitals on the central atom (as determined by the 'strength' of the ligand), has a strong effect on virtually all the properties of the resulting complexes. E.g., the energy differences in the d-orbitals has a strong effect in the optical absorption spectra of metal complexes.
A ligand is an ion or molecule which exists independently of any complex that it might form. In the complex [Co(NH 3) 6 ] 3+ , the ammonia molecules, which can exist outside of the complex, are acting as ligands.he complex is a combination of a Lewis acid (the central metal atom/ion) and some Lewis bases (the ligands). The main way of classifying ligands is by the number of points at which they are attached to, or bound to, the metal center. This is the denticity.