Psychology Glossary. Genotype. The total set of genes contained within an organisms cells. Organisms contain some genes that are expressed (you can consider the expressed to mean that the gene is active or being used) and some that are not. Regardless, all the genes an organism has are considered the genotype.
Mars' closest approach to the Earth is called opposition, and occurs roughly every 780 days.
First the short answer. Mars has an average distance from the Sun that is about 1.5 times that of the Earth's average distance from the Sun. This means that when Earth and Mars are closest to each other, the distance would be about 1.5 - 1.0 =0.5 times the average distance of Earth from the Sun. When Earth and Mars are on opposite sides of the Sun, the distance between would be about 1.5 + 1.0 = 2.5 times the average distance of the Earth from the Sun.