Penalties for computer related crimes in New York State can range from a fine and a short period of jail time for a Class A misdemeanor such as unauthorized use of a computer up to computer tampering in the first degree which is a Class C felony and can carry 3 to 15 years in prison.
In coordination chemistry, a ligand (/lÉªÉ¡Énd/) is an ion or molecule (functional group) that binds to a central metal atom to form a coordination complex.The bonding between metal and ligand generally involves formal donation of one or more of the ligand's electron pairs.he arrangement of the d-orbitals on the central atom (as determined by the 'strength' of the ligand), has a strong effect on virtually all the properties of the resulting complexes. E.g., the energy differences in the d-orbitals has a strong effect in the optical absorption spectra of metal complexes.
Structures With Bidentate Ligands. Bidentate ligands are Lewis bases that donate two pairs (bi) of electrons to a metal atom. Bidentate ligands are often referred to as chelating ligands (chelate is derived from the Greek word for claw) because they can grab a metal atom in two places.A complex that contains a chelating ligand is called a chelate. Fe = O = C oxalate ion (ox)Oxalate ion is a bidentate ligand even though it contains four O atoms which have lone pairs of electrons. [Fe(C2O4)3]3-In this complex, three oxalate ions are bonded to the Fe atom. The coordination number of 6 results in an octahedral structure.