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From what is known about the causes of Down syndrome, environmental factors and parents' behavioral activity do not seem to play a role. The causes of Down syndrome are genetic problems related to chromosome 21. While Down syndrome is genetic in that it involves an extra chromosome 21, it is not usually hereditary in the conventional sense.
Often, heart defects and other problems are present. It is one of the most common genetic birth defects, affecting approximately 1 in 800 babies. Chromosomes are the structures in cells that contain the genes. Down syndrome is caused by extra genetic material from chromosome 21. Affected persons have two normal copies of number 21 chromosomes, plus extra chromosome number 21 material attached to another chromosome. For that reason, Down syndrome is sometimes referred to as Trisomy 21.