Reducing Proteins or Peptides with Dithiothreitol (DTT) 1. Make a 1M diothreitol DTT stock solution in water, best to make fresh. (Try not to inhale the DTT.) 2. Add DTT to the protein or peptide solution (which is in a buffer) to a final concentration of 1mM to 10 mM DTT. Incubate for 10 min. to 30 min. The reduction may work slightly better if incubating at higher temperature, such as at 37 degrees C or at 56 degrees C. However, room temperature or ice should work too.
All chocolate is made from the cacao (cocoa) bean, and cacao beans in their natural, unprocessed, unadulterated state are rich in nutrients and beneficial to health. Cacao powder is simply the cacao bean, that through a cold-pressing process, has had the fat (cacao butter) removed.
The studies that boast of chocolateâs amazing health benefits are not referring to your average store-bought chocolate bar (damn misleading researchers). The chocolate that theyâre referring to is raw cacao. Raw cacao is made by cold-pressing unroasted cocoa beans. The process keeps the living enzymes in the cocoa and removes the fat (cacao butter). Cocoa looks the same but itâs not. Cocoa powder is raw cacao thatâs been roasted at high temperatures. Sadly, roasting changes the molecular structure of the cocoa bean, reducing the enzyme content and lowering the overall nutritional value.