Tumor markers are measurable biochemicals that are associated with a malignancy. They are either produced by tumor cells (tumor-derived) or by the body in response to tumor cells (tumor-associated). They are typically substances that are released into the circulation and thus measured in the blood.
â For example, the s subshell ( l = 0) contains only one orbital, and therefore the m l of an electron in an s subshell will always be 0. â The p subshell ( l = 1) contains three orbitals, so the m l of an electron in a p subshell will be -1, 0, or 1. â The d subshell ( l = 2) contains Â±ve orbitals, with m l values of -2, -1, 0, 1, and 2.
There are four different types of subshells. These various types of subshells are denoted by the letters s, p, d, and f. Each subshell has a maximum number of electrons which it can hold: s - 2 electrons, p - 6 electrons, d - 10 electrons, and f - 14 electrons.The s subshell is the lowest energy subshell and the f subshell is the highest energy subshell.ach subshell is further divided into orbitals. An orbital is defined as a region of space in which an electron can be found. Only two electrons are possible per orbital. Thus, the s subshell may contain only one orbital and the p subshell may contain three orbitals.