For example, the negative averment âhe is not old enough to marryâ really means that âhe is too young to marry.â Although one who makes a simple denial in a pleading does not carry the burden of proof, the party who asserts negative averment has the burden to prove the avermentâs affirmative substance. 1  Link/Cite.
Cardiac output (known as âQâ) is a measure of the amount of blood that is pumped out of the heart in one minute. âQâ specifically refers to the amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle as this is the ventricle that supplies blood to the muscles and organs of the body. Cardiac output is made up of two components, heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV). Heart rate (HR) refers to the number of times the heart beats every minute (bpm).
Along with stroke volume (SV), cardiac output is a global blood flow parameter of interest in hÃ¦modynamics â the study of the flow of blood under external forces. The factors affecting stroke volume and heart rate also affect cardiac output. The figure to the right illustrates this dependency and lists some of these factors. A detailed hierarchical illustration is provided in a subsequent figure.