Search OHSU. Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG) A VCUG test uses X-rays of the bladder when it's full and when it's emptying to detect abnormalities. A thin, flexible tube (catheter) is inserted through the urethra (urine channel) and into the bladder while your child lies on his or her back on an X-ray table.
Historically, the United States has had lower levels of inflation when on a gold standard. From 1880-1913, under a gold standard, average inflation was 1.6% per year. In 1971, when Nixon took the United States off the gold standard, inflation was at 3.3%. By 1979 it had risen to 13.3%. In a study of 15 countries covering the years 1820-1994, Federal Reserve economists found the average annual inflation rate under a gold standard was 1.75%, versus 9.17% when not on a gold standard.
In short, the gold standard was a force for stability. Britain, the first industrialized power, adopted the gold standard around 1820. The United States did not follow suit until 1873 (the Coinage Act of 1873, or known to its critics as the Crime of '73). France and Germany followed shortly thereafter.