Many patients with back pain, leg pain, or weakness of the lower extremity muscles are diagnosed with a herniated disc. When a disc herniation occurs, the cushion that sits between the spinal vertebra is pushed outside its normal position.
Agnew, R. (2001). Building on the Foundation of General Strain Theory: Specifying the Types of Strain Most Likely to Lead to Crime and Delinquency. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 38, 319â361.CrossRef. Agnew, R. (2002).
Definitions of stress and strain. Nominal stress: the force on the object divided by the original area. True stress: the force on the object divided by the actual area. E.g., when necking occurs the true stress is the force applied divided by the area of the neck. The unit for stress is Nm-2, or Pa. Nominal strain: change in dimension / original dimension. This is also known as the engineering strain, and is strictly only true for very small displacements.