Single function switches are the most commonly used adaptive switches. This type of switch performs one function (i.e., on/off) this switch has only one function - on or off. The switch may only be in one of the states at any one moment in time. Multiple function switches may perform two or more functions.
Echinocytes and keratocytes should be considered in the differential diagnosis of spur cell anemia. Echinocytes or burr cells are spiculated red blood cells with uniform, narrow, spikelike surface projections. Spur cells have fewer spicules, and the spicules vary more in size than echinocytes. Keratocytes are acanthocytelike cells with bizarre shapes and horny projections. Differential Diagnoses.
L. innocua, which is non-invasive, was also shown to replicate in the cytosol of the epitheloid Caco-2 cell line when the bacteria harboured the hly gene and the host cells were treated with the necrotising toxin of E. coli [37] .This necrotising toxin induces phagocytosis by normally non-phagocytic mammalian cells.ll of the bacteria possessing the ability to escape from the phagocytic vacuole described above will efficiently replicate in the host cell cytosol, regardless of whether the host cells are phagocytes or non-phagocytic cells.