The range is very easy to calculate because it is simply the difference between the largest and the smallest observed values in a data set. Thus, range, including any outliers, is the actual spread of data.
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An elastoviscoplastic finite element model is proposed to assess the bond-coat/oxide interface critical energy release rate in an EBPVD thermal barrier coating (TBC). The local stress fields responsible for the crack initiations are analyzed at the interfacial roughness scale.