Notes.  1 Fort Laramie Treaty, 1868.. 2  Suzan Shown Harjo (2014). 3  448 U.S. 371 (1980) 4  Jim Underwood ; producers, Mike Feduk, Darrell Wheaton (Director) (1986).
Prevalence of Kidney Stones The lifetime incidence of kidney stones is nearly 13 percent in men and 7 percent in women. Once an individual has formed a stone, the likelihood of recurrence is 50 percent or greater at five years and up to 80 percent at 10 years.
Other types of stones, and their underlying causes, include: 1  Struvite stones: Found more often in women, these are almost always the result of urinary tract infections. 2  Uric acid stones: These are a byproduct of protein metabolism. 3  Cystine stones: Represent a very small percentage of kidney stones.