DNA has a negative charge because of the phosphate ions in its chemical backbone.
Homeostatic regulation involves three parts or mechanisms: 1) the receptor, 2) the control center and 3) the effector. The receptor receives information that something in the environment is changing. The control center or integration center receives and processes information from the receptor.
Regulation in metabolic pathways is essential to maintain a steady balance within the cell, i.e. homeostasis, controlling the flow intermediates through pathways, conserving energy, preventing excess products being made and exhaustion of substrates and/ or substrate cycles (William & Daphne, 2005).