Notes.  1 Fort Laramie Treaty, 1868.. 2  Suzan Shown Harjo (2014). 3  448 U.S. 371 (1980) 4  Jim Underwood ; producers, Mike Feduk, Darrell Wheaton (Director) (1986).
Prevalence of Kidney Stones The lifetime incidence of kidney stones is nearly 13 percent in men and 7 percent in women. Once an individual has formed a stone, the likelihood of recurrence is 50 percent or greater at five years and up to 80 percent at 10 years.
If the uric acid crystals settle in the urinary tract, they cause kidney stones. Uric acid kidney stones are more common in men than women. Kidney stones may cause symptoms such as pain in the back, abdomen or groin, fever, chills, nausea, vomiting and bloody urine.