The field of engineering involving computer-based hardware and software systems, and communication systems, to enable the acquisition, representation, storage, transmission, and use of information.
Challenges Facing Higher Education in the Twenty-First Century Ami Zusman The twenty-first century has brought with it profound challenges to the nature, values, and control of higher education in the United States. Societal expectations and public resources for higher education are undergoing fundamental shifts.
But economic hardships in the 1960s and 1970s left Americans skeptical about the ability of government to address many social and economic issues. 1  Major social programsâincluding Social Security and Medicare, which, respectively, provide retirement income and health insurance for the elderlyâsurvived this period of reconsideration.