Notes.  1 Fort Laramie Treaty, 1868.. 2  Suzan Shown Harjo (2014). 3  448 U.S. 371 (1980) 4  Jim Underwood ; producers, Mike Feduk, Darrell Wheaton (Director) (1986).
Prevalence of Kidney Stones The lifetime incidence of kidney stones is nearly 13 percent in men and 7 percent in women. Once an individual has formed a stone, the likelihood of recurrence is 50 percent or greater at five years and up to 80 percent at 10 years.
There are four main types of stones: Calcium oxalate: The most common type of kidney stone which is created when calcium combines with oxalate in the urine. Uric acid: This is another common type of kidney stone. Struvite: These stones are less common and are caused by infections in the upper urinary tract. Cystine: These stones are rare and tend to run in families. What are Cystine Stones? What are the symptoms of a stone? Some kidney stones are as small as a grain of sand. Others are as large as a pebble. A few are as large as a golf ball!