Notes.  1 Fort Laramie Treaty, 1868.. 2  Suzan Shown Harjo (2014). 3  448 U.S. 371 (1980) 4  Jim Underwood ; producers, Mike Feduk, Darrell Wheaton (Director) (1986).
Prevalence of Kidney Stones The lifetime incidence of kidney stones is nearly 13 percent in men and 7 percent in women. Once an individual has formed a stone, the likelihood of recurrence is 50 percent or greater at five years and up to 80 percent at 10 years.
Kidney stones are one of the most common conditions that urologists treat. Stones of the urinary tract are more common in males than in females and are more predominate in Caucasians than other ethnic groups. Most stones form in the kidney itself and may or may not cause pain at this point.