Notes.  1 Fort Laramie Treaty, 1868.. 2  Suzan Shown Harjo (2014). 3  448 U.S. 371 (1980) 4  Jim Underwood ; producers, Mike Feduk, Darrell Wheaton (Director) (1986).
Prevalence of Kidney Stones The lifetime incidence of kidney stones is nearly 13 percent in men and 7 percent in women. Once an individual has formed a stone, the likelihood of recurrence is 50 percent or greater at five years and up to 80 percent at 10 years.
Kidney stones strike more men than women. Kidney stones cause pain when the ureter contracts in an attempt to pull the stone through the bladder tube. If the surface of the stone is sharp or pointed, as it often is, the stone creates a nagging or stabbing discomfort in the lower back and/or groin, the NIH says.