Notes.  1 Fort Laramie Treaty, 1868.. 2  Suzan Shown Harjo (2014). 3  448 U.S. 371 (1980) 4  Jim Underwood ; producers, Mike Feduk, Darrell Wheaton (Director) (1986).
Prevalence of Kidney Stones The lifetime incidence of kidney stones is nearly 13 percent in men and 7 percent in women. Once an individual has formed a stone, the likelihood of recurrence is 50 percent or greater at five years and up to 80 percent at 10 years.
Causes of Kidney Stones. There are different types of kidney stones, based on the composition. The most common case is that they are made of calcium oxalate crystals. The causative factors for this kidney problem in women is almost similar to men.Symptoms as Observed in Women. Unfortunately the signs and symptoms of renal stones are not always easily detected. One of the most common causes is less intake of water and fluids. 2  Due to this reason, the body gets dehydrated and the kidneys are unable to completely dissolve and discard calcium salts from the body. 3  Calcium oxalate is also released by the liver, during detoxification.