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Abstract. A nonsense mutation occurs when a sense codon, one that codes for an amino acid, is changed to one of the chainâtermination codons, UAG, UAA or UGA. A nonsense suppressor can result from a second mutation affecting the translational apparatus. This mutation enables the cell to insert an amino acid in response to the nonsense codon, resulting in a wildâtype or near wildâtype phenotype. Some suppressor mutations change the anticodon of a transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) such that it can pair with the nonsense codon.
However, these mistakes are rare, and the cell has repair mechanisms that can repair some damage. - Sometimes a permanent change occurs in a cell's DNA and this is called a mutation. - Because a mutation in a gene causes a change in the protein that is made, the enzyme is nonfunctional. Types of mutations - Mutations can range from changes in a single base pair in the coding sequence of DNA to the deletions of large pieces of chromosomes. - Point mutations involve a chemical change in just one base pair and can be enough to cause a genetic disorder. - A point mutation in which one base is exchanged for another is called a substitution. - Most substitutions are missense mutations, where the DNA code is altered so that it codes for the wrong amino acid. - Other substitutions, called nonsense mutations, change the codon for an amino acid to a stop codon. Nonsense mutations cause translation to terminate early. Nearly all nonsense mutations lead to proteins that cannot function normally. - Another type of mutation that can occur involves the gain or loss of a nucleotide in the DNA sequence.