Chiari surgery A posterior fossa decompression is a surgical procedure performed to remove the bone at the back of the skull and spine. The dura overlying the tonsils is opened and a patch is sewn to expand the space, similar to letting out the waistband on a pair of pants.
Undercapitalization - Undercapitalization refers to any scenario or context where companies are in a dire position of not being able to get the funding or monies they require.
The market-driven approach to correcting externalities is to  internalize  third party costs and benefits, for example, by requiring a polluter to repair any damage caused. But, in many cases internalizing costs or benefits is not feasible, especially if the true monetary values cannot be determined. negative externality (also called external cost or external diseconomy) is an economic activity that imposes a negative effect on an unrelated third party. It can arise either during the production or the consumption of a good or service.