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Abstract. A nonsense mutation occurs when a sense codon, one that codes for an amino acid, is changed to one of the chainâtermination codons, UAG, UAA or UGA. A nonsense suppressor can result from a second mutation affecting the translational apparatus. This mutation enables the cell to insert an amino acid in response to the nonsense codon, resulting in a wildâtype or near wildâtype phenotype. Some suppressor mutations change the anticodon of a transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) such that it can pair with the nonsense codon.
Encoded in the DNA is some type of index that directs the molecular machinery to the start of the hemoglobin gene. When new hemoglobin is required, protein production is activated. The gene is read and the protein is manufactured. At the end of the gene is a message called a stop codon, which ends protein production. The manufacture of proteins using the instructions from the gene is called protein expression. Doug Prasher envisioned that it would be possible to use biomolecular techniques to insert the GFP gene at the end of the hemoglobin gene, right before the stop codon.