As was to be the case with William Shakespeare a century later, numerous variant spellings of the name are documented for the astronomer and his relatives. The name first appeared as a place name in Silesia in the 13th century, where it was spelled variously in Latin documents. Copernicus was rather indifferent about orthography. During his childhood, about 1480, the name of his father (and thus of the future astronomer) was recorded in Thorn as Niclas Koppernigk. At KrakÃ³w he signed himself, in Latin, Nicolaus Nicolai de Torunia (Nicolaus, son of Nicolaus, of ToruÅ).
Global Egalitarianism. DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199235056.003.0003. This chapter examines global egalitarianism as a free-standing conception of global justice and provides some reasons for rejecting it. It argues that neither equality of resources nor equality of opportunity represents a workable principle of global justice. In neither case can we measure the resources or opportunities available to people in different societies in a way that is neutral as between cultures, and such neutrality seems indispensable in a global principle of justice.
Totalitarianism is a political system in which the state holds total authority over the society and seeks to control all aspects of public and private life whenever necessary. The concept of totalitarianism was first developed on a positive sense in the 1920s by the Italian fascists.