Human papillomavirus (HPV), primarily HPV 16 & 18, are strongly implicated in the development of squamous cell carcinoma of the penis. Three carcinoma in situ are associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis: 1) Bowen's disease which presents as leukoplakia on the shaft. Around 1/3 progress to squamous cell carcinoma
The innate immune system is the bodyâs first line of defense against infection by microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, and parasites.
The innate immune response is not completely nonspecific, as was originally thought, but rather is able to discriminate between self and a variety of pathogens. The innate immune system recognizes microorganisms via a limited number of germline-encoded pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). This is in contrast to the large repertoire of rearranged receptors utilized by the acquired system. PRRs possess common characteristics.