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Although it is frequently claimed that the retina is burned by looking at the sun, retinal damage appears to occur primarily due to photochemical injury rather than thermal injury. The temperature rise from looking at the sun with a 3-mm pupil only causes a 4 Â°C increase in temperature, insufficient to photocoagulate.
Light enters the eye through the pupil and reaches the retina which interprets the light as images. An excess of light can hurt the retina. That is why when the light is overly bright, the muscles of the Iris cause the pupil to contract, thus allowing less light to enter the eyes.