Human papillomavirus (HPV), primarily HPV 16 & 18, are strongly implicated in the development of squamous cell carcinoma of the penis. Three carcinoma in situ are associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis: 1) Bowen's disease which presents as leukoplakia on the shaft. Around 1/3 progress to squamous cell carcinoma
The innate immune system is the bodyâs first line of defense against infection by microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, and parasites.
The immune system can be divided into two components: the innate (born with) immune system and adaptive (develop through life) immune system. The innate component is the first line of defense. It reacts very quickly to fight off foreigners such as viruses and bacteria and identifying damaged cells.he immune system can be divided into two components: the innate (born with) immune system and adaptive (develop through life) immune system. The innate component is the first line of defense. It reacts very quickly to fight off foreigners such as viruses and bacteria and identifying damaged cells.