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1 E layer: The next layer beyond the D layer is called the E layer. 2  This exists at an altitude of between 100 and 125 km. 3  Instead of acting chiefly as an attenuator, this layer reflects radio signals although they still undergo some attenuation.
  A modulator modulates the carrier frequency, while a demodulator detects the modulation on the carrier wave and recovers the original lower frequency waveform at the destination.   For many years the modulated carrier wave was converted to a radio signal. A modulator modulates the carrier frequency, while a demodulator detects the modulation on the carrier wave and recovers the original lower frequency waveform at the destination.   For many years the modulated carrier wave was converted to a radio signal.