Human papillomavirus (HPV), primarily HPV 16 & 18, are strongly implicated in the development of squamous cell carcinoma of the penis. Three carcinoma in situ are associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis: 1) Bowen's disease which presents as leukoplakia on the shaft. Around 1/3 progress to squamous cell carcinoma
The innate immune system is the bodyâs first line of defense against infection by microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, and parasites.
Definition. Innate immunity is an immunological subsystem that comprises the cells and mechanisms that provide the first line of defence from infection in a non-specific manner. Innate immune responses are rapid and independent of antigen.Innate immune systems are found in all classes of plants and animals.nnate immunity is an immunological subsystem that comprises the cells and mechanisms that provide the first line of defence from infection in a non-specific manner.