Human papillomavirus (HPV), primarily HPV 16 & 18, are strongly implicated in the development of squamous cell carcinoma of the penis. Three carcinoma in situ are associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis: 1) Bowen's disease which presents as leukoplakia on the shaft. Around 1/3 progress to squamous cell carcinoma
The innate immune system is the bodyâs first line of defense against infection by microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, and parasites.
The non-specific, first line of defense against a potential pathogen in the immune system. The immune system is the first line of defense against pathogens. The most obvious example is the skin. However, the two main differences between the Innate and Adaptive immune responses are: Innate immunity is non-specific.