Human papillomavirus (HPV), primarily HPV 16 & 18, are strongly implicated in the development of squamous cell carcinoma of the penis. Three carcinoma in situ are associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis: 1) Bowen's disease which presents as leukoplakia on the shaft. Around 1/3 progress to squamous cell carcinoma
The innate immune system is the bodyâs first line of defense against infection by microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, and parasites.
Your immune system is a complex network of structures and functions that protects your body from pathogens, diseases and the overgrowth of cells. Healthy people are born with a highly functional innate immune system that begins its defensive work in early infancy. Pathogens that are able to evade this portion of your innate immune system then must face the more sensitive portion of your immune system called the adaptive system.