Human papillomavirus (HPV), primarily HPV 16 & 18, are strongly implicated in the development of squamous cell carcinoma of the penis. Three carcinoma in situ are associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis: 1) Bowen's disease which presents as leukoplakia on the shaft. Around 1/3 progress to squamous cell carcinoma
The innate immune system is the bodyâs first line of defense against infection by microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, and parasites.
There are two main parts to your immune system: the non-specific and specific immune systems. Let's talk about the non-specific immune system first. Non-Specific Immunity. Your defense system starts with non-specific immunity, also known as innate immunity. This system is comprised of general mechanisms your body deploys every day to keep you safe.