Human papillomavirus (HPV), primarily HPV 16 & 18, are strongly implicated in the development of squamous cell carcinoma of the penis. Three carcinoma in situ are associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis: 1) Bowen's disease which presents as leukoplakia on the shaft. Around 1/3 progress to squamous cell carcinoma
The innate immune system is the bodyâs first line of defense against infection by microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, and parasites.
First, its response is not as nimbly specific as that of the adaptive immune response. Although, as a group, pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) can recognize many pathogens, the innate immune system mounts a generalized defense effective for some invaders but less effective for others.he innate immune system is designed to provide a kind of shock and awe protection against bacteria, viruses and other invaders. When cells in the innate immune system see an invader, they rush in to destroy it, often by releasing inflammatory chemicals such as histamines and leukotrienes.