Human papillomavirus (HPV), primarily HPV 16 & 18, are strongly implicated in the development of squamous cell carcinoma of the penis. Three carcinoma in situ are associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis: 1) Bowen's disease which presents as leukoplakia on the shaft. Around 1/3 progress to squamous cell carcinoma
The innate immune system is the bodyâs first line of defense against infection by microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, and parasites.
The immune system has 3 lines of defense against foreign pathogens: 1. Physical and Chemical Barriers (Innate Immunity) 2. Nonspecific Resistance (Innate Immunity) 3. Specific Resistance (Acquired Immunity).