Human papillomavirus (HPV), primarily HPV 16 & 18, are strongly implicated in the development of squamous cell carcinoma of the penis. Three carcinoma in situ are associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis: 1) Bowen's disease which presents as leukoplakia on the shaft. Around 1/3 progress to squamous cell carcinoma
The innate immune system is the bodyâs first line of defense against infection by microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, and parasites.
The immune system protects your body against foreign pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. The immune system has 3 lines of defense against foreign pathogens: 1. Physical and Chemical Barriers (Innate Immunity) 2.