Human papillomavirus (HPV), primarily HPV 16 & 18, are strongly implicated in the development of squamous cell carcinoma of the penis. Three carcinoma in situ are associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis: 1) Bowen's disease which presents as leukoplakia on the shaft. Around 1/3 progress to squamous cell carcinoma
The innate immune system is the bodyâs first line of defense against infection by microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, and parasites.
The immune system has several ways of protecting your body against invasion by viruses, bacteria, parasites and any other foreign intruder or cancerous cell. The first line of defence is mounted by an innate immune response consisting of barriers such as skin, tears, saliva and mucus, as well as an inflammatory response. This is followed closely ...