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1 E layer: The next layer beyond the D layer is called the E layer. 2  This exists at an altitude of between 100 and 125 km. 3  Instead of acting chiefly as an attenuator, this layer reflects radio signals although they still undergo some attenuation.
It is much the same with radio waves. AM waves bounce off the very large structures involving charged particles in the ionosphere. The shorter wavelength FM waves are better able to see the 'holes' between the ions, and do not really reflect off the ionosphere except for a faint 'ghosting'.