Human papillomavirus (HPV), primarily HPV 16 & 18, are strongly implicated in the development of squamous cell carcinoma of the penis. Three carcinoma in situ are associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis: 1) Bowen's disease which presents as leukoplakia on the shaft. Around 1/3 progress to squamous cell carcinoma
The innate immune system is the bodyâs first line of defense against infection by microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, and parasites.
Innate and adaptive immune responses to viral infection and vaccination. Aoshi T, Koyama S, Kobiyama K, Akira S, Ishii KJ. Recent accumulating evidence suggests that the human immune system possesses a variety of innate receptors that recognize, distinguish, and respond to viral infections and to vaccination.ecent accumulating evidence suggests that the human immune system possesses a variety of innate receptors that recognize, distinguish, and respond to viral infections and to vaccination.