Physicians and surgeons have demanding education and training requirements. Almost all physicians complete at least 4 years of undergraduate school, 4 years of medical school, and, depending on their specialty, 3 to 8 years in internship and residency programs.ertification is not required for physicians and surgeons; however, it may increase their employment opportunities. M.D.s and D.O.s seeking board certification in a specialty may spend up to 7 years in residency training; the length of time varies with the specialty.
From the kidneys, urine travels down two thin tubes called ureters to the bladder. The ureters are about 8 to 10 inches long. Muscles in the ureter walls constantly tighten and relax to force urine downward away from the kidneys. If urine is allowed to stand still, or back up, a kidney infection can develop.
The Urinary System: Ureter and Urinary Bladder. Ureters are 10 inch long tubes that carry urine from kidneys into urinary bladder. Their oblique entry into the bladder prevents backflow of urine and increased pressure within the bladder compresses the distal ends of the ureters shut. This picture is a pyelogram that shows the urinary bladder.