But because of the molecular tructure of hydrogen, a hydrogens. infrastructure is much more energy -intensive than a natural gas economy. In this study, the energy consumed by each stage is related to the energy content. (higher heating value HHV) of the delivered hydrogen itself.
Residual risk. The residual risk is the risk or danger of an action or an event, a method or a process that, although being abreast with science, still conceives these dangers, even if all theoretically possible safety measures would be applied.The formula to calculate residual risk is x where inherent risk is.In the economic context, residual means âthe quantity left over at the end of a process; a remainderâ. In the property rights model it is the shareholder that holds the residual risk and therefore the residual profit.he residual risk is the risk or danger of an action or an event, a method or a process that, although being abreast with science, still conceives these dangers, even if all theoretically possible safety measures would be applied.
The market risk premium is the difference between the expected return on a market portfolio and the risk-free rate. The market risk premium is equal to the slope of the security market line (SML), a graphical representation of the capital asset pricing model (CAPM). CAPM measures required rate of return on equity investments, and it is an important element of modern portfolio theory and discounted cash flow valuation. Market risk premium describes the relationship between returns from an equity market portfolio and treasury bond yields.