Peloponnesian War. Introduction. Athens and Sparta, both powerful Greek city-states, had fought as allies in the Greco-Persian Wars between 499 and 449 B.C. In the wake of the Persian retreat, however, Athens grew more powerful and tensions rose, escalating into nearly three decades of war.
READING GUIDE TO: the chapter on Rousseau, Althusser L (1972) Politics and History, Part 2, New Left Books: London. Here, Althusser argues that ideology is a theoretical practice, which is locked in a problematic which defines both problems and solutions.
Yet the alt-left also prizes Democracy as the prototype of the ideal universal civilization. These concepts the alt-left weaves together in a uniquely American expression, what it champions as âAmerican Exceptionalism,â the creed or doctrine that America is humanityâs âlast, best hopeâ and that it is the only country in all of human history to have been erected upon an idea.