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Another cause of encephalitis under study is encephalitis believed to be caused by an autoantibody attack on subunits of brain N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors. The autoantibodies are termed anti-NMDA receptor antibodies, and the disease is termed NMDA receptor encephalitis, first identified in 2007.
Bacterial infections and noninfectious inflammatory conditions also may cause encephalitis. An infection may result in one of two conditions affecting the brain: 1  Primary encephalitis occurs when a virus or other infectious agent directly infects the brain. 2  The infection may be concentrated in one area or widespread. Herpes simplex virus. 2  There are two types of herpes simplex virus (HSV). 3  Either type can cause encephalitis. 4  HSV type 1 (HSV-1) is usually responsible for cold sores or fever blisters around your mouth, and HSV type 2 (HSV-2) commonly causes genital herpes.