1 The LLC must pay a fee if the California total income is equal to or greater than $250,000. 2  The LLC must estimate the fee it will owe for the year and make an estimated fee payment. 3  See Estimated Payments below.
Ligand Definition. A ligand is an atom, ion, or molecule that donates or shares one or more of its electrons through a covalent bond with a central atom or ion. It is a complexing group in coordination chemistry that stabilizes the central atom and determines it reactivity.
Each cell typically has many receptors, of many different kinds. Simply put, a receptor functions as a keyhole that opens a neural path when the proper ligand is inserted. Ligand binding stabilizes a certain receptor conformation (the three-dimensional shape of the receptor protein, with no change in sequence).