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A topped golf shot is caused by a player hitting the ball above its equator. Compare this to a thinned shot where the leading edge of the club face catches the ball below the equator but not low enough to make full contact.
Hitting the ball on the upswing. The topped golf shot is often the result of hitting the ball on the upswing rather than on the downswing. By hitting above the equator you force the ball into the ground and from there it bounces along without ever properly getting in the air.