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For Worcester's five high schools, White estimated the cost of installing metal detector systems would run from $73,000 to $91,250. He noted given the school populations, four or five units would likely be needed to move students through in the morning. One handheld wand per unit is also included in the price.
An earlier and less successful lie detector or polygraph machine was invented by James Mackenzie in 1902. However, the modern polygraph machine was invented by John Larson in 1921. John Larson, a University of California medical student, invented the modern lie detector (polygraph) in 1921. Used in police interrogation and investigation since 1924, the lie detector is still controversial among psychologists, and is not always judicially acceptable.