1 The LLC must pay a fee if the California total income is equal to or greater than $250,000. 2  The LLC must estimate the fee it will owe for the year and make an estimated fee payment. 3  See Estimated Payments below.
Ligand Definition. A ligand is an atom, ion, or molecule that donates or shares one or more of its electrons through a covalent bond with a central atom or ion. It is a complexing group in coordination chemistry that stabilizes the central atom and determines it reactivity.
A receptor is basically a protein in a cell (usually in a cell membrane, but doesn't have to be (eg. NO and steroid receptors). When a ligand (an agonist) meets the receptor, the protein changes its physical conformation, making it more or less likely to do something else, eg. catalyze something, open an ion channel. Antagonists bind to receptors like agonists, but without doing anything, effectively blocking them.