Excessive sodium: High urinary levels of sodium result in increased levels of calcium. Certain defects in the kidney tubules transport system, which cause imbalances in sodium and phosphate, can lead to high calcium levels in the urine. A diet high in salt can also produce this effect.
NCP Nursing Diagnosis: Decreased Cardiac Output. Common causes of reduced cardiac output include myocardial infarction, hypertension, valvular heart disease, congenital heart disease, cardiomyopathy, pulmonary disease, arrhythmias, drug effects, fluid overload, decreased fluid volume, and electrolyte imbalance.
Increasing afterload and decreasing contractility decreases stroke volume. An increase in heart rate may result in a decreased filling time and, therefore, a decrease in preload and stroke volume. A decrease in coronary blood flow causes a decrease in ventricular contractility and stroke volume. (Ref.