A Doctor of Philosophy of the University of Oxford in full academic dress. A Doctor of Philosophy degree (often abbreviated Ph.D. , PhD, D.Phil. , or DPhil) or a Doctorate of Philosophy, from the Latin Doctor Philosophiae, is a type of doctorate awarded by universities in many countries.
However, independent expenditures are often used to work around campaign contribution limitations, so a candidate may appear to have a strong outside support network when the money isn't really independently spent but rather provided by people working in concert with the primary campaign committee. References.
Unlimited funds obtained by political parties that are spent on party activities, such as get-out-the-vote drives, but not on behalf of a specific candidate. Soft money. Spending by political action committees, corporations or labor unions that is done to help a party or candidate but is done independently of them. Independent expenditure. Refers to the amount of money that can be spent under federal law. Hard money