The speech standard of the Ming and Qing empires was called Mandarin language by European missionaries, translating the Chinese name Guanhua (the language of the officials) for this speech standard, which was current already in the Ming Dynasty.
Producer gas is made by blowing air through an incandescent fuel bed (commonly coke or coal) in a gas producer. The reaction of fuel with insufficient air for total combustion produces carbon monoxide (CO); this reaction is exothermic and self-sustaining.
Fuels react with oxygen to release energy. Complete combustion happens in a plentiful supply of air. Incomplete combustion occurs when the supply of air is limited. Complete combustion releases more energy than incomplete combustion. Incomplete combustion also creates carbon monoxide, and more soot.ydrocarbon + oxygen â carbon monoxide + carbon + water. The carbon is released as soot. Carbon monoxide is a poisonous gas, which is one reason why complete combustion is preferred to incomplete combustion. Gas fires and boilers must be serviced regularly to ensure they do not produce carbon monoxide. Page: 1  1.