Excessive sodium: High urinary levels of sodium result in increased levels of calcium. Certain defects in the kidney tubules transport system, which cause imbalances in sodium and phosphate, can lead to high calcium levels in the urine. A diet high in salt can also produce this effect.
NCP Nursing Diagnosis: Decreased Cardiac Output. Common causes of reduced cardiac output include myocardial infarction, hypertension, valvular heart disease, congenital heart disease, cardiomyopathy, pulmonary disease, arrhythmias, drug effects, fluid overload, decreased fluid volume, and electrolyte imbalance.
1 During a heart attack, blood flow is affected in the heart, and heart tissue can begin to lose oxygen and die. 2  This tissue will not conduct electricity as well, which can cause an abnormal EKG. 3  Ischemia, or lack of blood flow, may also cause an abnormal EKG. 4  Heart rate abnormalities. Ischemia, or lack of blood flow, may also cause an abnormal EKG. 2  Heart rate abnormalities. 3  A typical human heart rate is between 60 and 100 beats per minute. 4  An EKG can determine if the heart is beating too fast or too slow.