Emphysema is a long-term, progressive disease of the lungs that primarily causes shortness of breath due to over-inflation of the alveoli (air sacs in the lung). In people with emphysema, the lung tissue involved in exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) is impaired or destroyed.Emphysema is included in a group of diseases called chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or COPD (pulmonary refers to the lungs).n people with emphysema, the lung tissue involved in exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) is impaired or destroyed. Emphysema is included in a group of diseases called chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or COPD (pulmonary refers to the lungs).
Tonsil stones, which are known scientifically as âtonsillolithsâ, are discrete accumulations of hardened calcium, food debris, mucus and bacteria. Other various anaerobic sulfur compounds are also found in the stones.
Tonsil stones are thought to occur when bacteria, dead skin cells, and other debris collect and calcify on the surface of your tonsils. In most cases, tonsil stones do not cause problems, but they sometimes lead to bad breath, discomfort, and other worrisome symptoms.he consistency of tonsil stones can range from soft and pliable to hard as a rock. Most of the time, tonsil stones do not cause any symptoms at all. But when they do, symptoms may include: 1  Bad breath. 2  Enlarged, swollen tonsils or tonsil. 3  Sore throat.