Antrochoanal polyps arise from the maxillary sinuses and are the much less common; ethmoidal polyps arise from the ethmoidal sinuses. Symptoms of polyps include nasal congestion, sinusitis, anosmia (loss of smell), and secondary infection leading to headache.
Relationship of internal jugular vein to the spinal accessory nerve (SAN). Spinal accessory nerve (SAN) posterior to the internal jugular vein. As the nerve approaches the sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM), it may perforate the cleidomastoid portion of the SCM (80%) or run posterior to it (20%).
The vagus nerve innervates the larynx, the pharynx, the upper part of the oesophagus, the part of the external hearing apparatus, the heart, the lungs, the stomach, the intestine and even several muscles. The accessory nerve, known as the eleventh cranial nerve, is a motor nerve, that regulates the muscular activity.he vagus nerve, or tenth cranial nerve, is the longest and most important nerve of the parasympathetic nervous system (it belongs to the neurovegetative system) as it regulates the functions of almost all of the internal organs.