The speech standard of the Ming and Qing empires was called Mandarin language by European missionaries, translating the Chinese name Guanhua (the language of the officials) for this speech standard, which was current already in the Ming Dynasty.
Producer gas is made by blowing air through an incandescent fuel bed (commonly coke or coal) in a gas producer. The reaction of fuel with insufficient air for total combustion produces carbon monoxide (CO); this reaction is exothermic and self-sustaining.
Oxygen gas was produced when the tooth pick was put with the gas the toothpick lit up really bright. D. Compare the behavior of the mixture of gases with each solitary gas in the presence of flame. When the flame was added to the mixture of gases there was a loud pop sound.