Excessive sodium: High urinary levels of sodium result in increased levels of calcium. Certain defects in the kidney tubules transport system, which cause imbalances in sodium and phosphate, can lead to high calcium levels in the urine. A diet high in salt can also produce this effect.
NCP Nursing Diagnosis: Decreased Cardiac Output. Common causes of reduced cardiac output include myocardial infarction, hypertension, valvular heart disease, congenital heart disease, cardiomyopathy, pulmonary disease, arrhythmias, drug effects, fluid overload, decreased fluid volume, and electrolyte imbalance.
Tamponade compresses heart and causes low cardiac output. 1  Most effusions do not lead to cardiac tamponade. 2  Size of cardiac silhouette is frequently increased. 3  Tamponade is rarely seen in association with pulmonary edema in the lungs.