The speech standard of the Ming and Qing empires was called Mandarin language by European missionaries, translating the Chinese name Guanhua (the language of the officials) for this speech standard, which was current already in the Ming Dynasty.
Producer gas is made by blowing air through an incandescent fuel bed (commonly coke or coal) in a gas producer. The reaction of fuel with insufficient air for total combustion produces carbon monoxide (CO); this reaction is exothermic and self-sustaining.
Most of fireâs energy output is in the form of heat. As the gas mixture warms, it also rises and gives the flame its familiar teardrop taper. âA flame holds its shape because chemical reactions happen at different places,â explains Chen.