Antrochoanal polyps arise from the maxillary sinuses and are the much less common; ethmoidal polyps arise from the ethmoidal sinuses. Symptoms of polyps include nasal congestion, sinusitis, anosmia (loss of smell), and secondary infection leading to headache.
Relationship of internal jugular vein to the spinal accessory nerve (SAN). Spinal accessory nerve (SAN) posterior to the internal jugular vein. As the nerve approaches the sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM), it may perforate the cleidomastoid portion of the SCM (80%) or run posterior to it (20%).
Surgery for spinal accessory nerve injury. For patients who are not candidates for nerve surgery, other options such as tendon or muscle transfer may be recommended to stabilize the scapula and neck muscles. Dr. Allan Belzberg is a world-renowned neurosurgeon in the treatment of peripheral nerve injuries.