A Doctor of Philosophy of the University of Oxford in full academic dress. A Doctor of Philosophy degree (often abbreviated Ph.D. , PhD, D.Phil. , or DPhil) or a Doctorate of Philosophy, from the Latin Doctor Philosophiae, is a type of doctorate awarded by universities in many countries.
However, independent expenditures are often used to work around campaign contribution limitations, so a candidate may appear to have a strong outside support network when the money isn't really independently spent but rather provided by people working in concert with the primary campaign committee. References.
In McCutcheon, the limit before the Court is a limit superimposed on hard money limitsâthis aggregate limit is being defended on a soft money theory that any large sum of money raised or spent to influence federal elections, within or outside the system of limits, is âinherentlyâ corruptive.