A Doctor of Philosophy of the University of Oxford in full academic dress. A Doctor of Philosophy degree (often abbreviated Ph.D. , PhD, D.Phil. , or DPhil) or a Doctorate of Philosophy, from the Latin Doctor Philosophiae, is a type of doctorate awarded by universities in many countries.
However, independent expenditures are often used to work around campaign contribution limitations, so a candidate may appear to have a strong outside support network when the money isn't really independently spent but rather provided by people working in concert with the primary campaign committee. References.
The Code of Federal Regulations defined independent expenditure as an expenditure for a communication expressly advocating the election or defeat of a clearly identified candidate that is not made in cooperation, consultation, or concert with, or at the request or suggestion of, a candidate, a candidateâs authorized committee, or their agents, or a ...