Excessive sodium: High urinary levels of sodium result in increased levels of calcium. Certain defects in the kidney tubules transport system, which cause imbalances in sodium and phosphate, can lead to high calcium levels in the urine. A diet high in salt can also produce this effect.
NCP Nursing Diagnosis: Decreased Cardiac Output. Common causes of reduced cardiac output include myocardial infarction, hypertension, valvular heart disease, congenital heart disease, cardiomyopathy, pulmonary disease, arrhythmias, drug effects, fluid overload, decreased fluid volume, and electrolyte imbalance.
With the drop in cardiac output, a patient may experience the following symptoms. 1  These symptoms occur more frequently with a heart rate >150 beats per minute: 2  Shortness of air (S) 3  Palpitation feeling in chest (S) 4  Ongoing chest pain (U) 5  Dizziness (S) 6  Rapid breathing (S) 7  Loss of consciousness (U) 8  Numbness of body parts (S)