The speech standard of the Ming and Qing empires was called Mandarin language by European missionaries, translating the Chinese name Guanhua (the language of the officials) for this speech standard, which was current already in the Ming Dynasty.
Producer gas is made by blowing air through an incandescent fuel bed (commonly coke or coal) in a gas producer. The reaction of fuel with insufficient air for total combustion produces carbon monoxide (CO); this reaction is exothermic and self-sustaining.
Gas fireplace inserts and gas logs produce a steady flame. Gas fireplaces provide a reliable source of heat and add beauty to a room design. You have two basic options for a natural gas or propane-fueled fireplace -- gas logs and gas fireplace inserts. Both produce heat and help a living space feel warm and inviting, but each has its own advantages and disadvantages.