The speech standard of the Ming and Qing empires was called Mandarin language by European missionaries, translating the Chinese name Guanhua (the language of the officials) for this speech standard, which was current already in the Ming Dynasty.
Producer gas is made by blowing air through an incandescent fuel bed (commonly coke or coal) in a gas producer. The reaction of fuel with insufficient air for total combustion produces carbon monoxide (CO); this reaction is exothermic and self-sustaining.
How Do Ventless Gas Heaters Work? Because all combustion heaters require oxygen for their burning process, traditional heaters draw on the unlimited supply of outside air to sustain combustion. In addition, there are many types of combustion heaters such as pellet stoves and wood-burning stoves that do not completely burn away the fuel source.