The speech standard of the Ming and Qing empires was called Mandarin language by European missionaries, translating the Chinese name Guanhua (the language of the officials) for this speech standard, which was current already in the Ming Dynasty.
Producer gas is made by blowing air through an incandescent fuel bed (commonly coke or coal) in a gas producer. The reaction of fuel with insufficient air for total combustion produces carbon monoxide (CO); this reaction is exothermic and self-sustaining.
coal gas-gaseous mixture produced by distillation of bituminous coal and used for heating and lighting. town gas-coal gas manufactured for domestic and industrial use. fuel-a substance that can be consumed to produce energy; more fuel is needed during the winter months; they developed alternative fuels for aircraft.