The speech standard of the Ming and Qing empires was called Mandarin language by European missionaries, translating the Chinese name Guanhua (the language of the officials) for this speech standard, which was current already in the Ming Dynasty.
Producer gas is made by blowing air through an incandescent fuel bed (commonly coke or coal) in a gas producer. The reaction of fuel with insufficient air for total combustion produces carbon monoxide (CO); this reaction is exothermic and self-sustaining.
â¢ Fuel: The fuel for a fire may be a solid (e.g., coal, wood, paper, cloth, hay, etc.) , liquid. (e.g., gasoline, kerosene, alcohol, paint, cooking oil, etc.), or gas (e.g., propane, natural. gas, butane, etc.). The type and quantity of the fuel will determine which method should. be used to extinguish the fire. â¢ Oxygen: Most fires will burn vigorously in any atmosphere of at least 20 percent. oxygen. Without oxygen, most fuels could be heated until entirely vaporized, yet would. not burn.