A Doctor of Philosophy of the University of Oxford in full academic dress. A Doctor of Philosophy degree (often abbreviated Ph.D. , PhD, D.Phil. , or DPhil) or a Doctorate of Philosophy, from the Latin Doctor Philosophiae, is a type of doctorate awarded by universities in many countries.
However, independent expenditures are often used to work around campaign contribution limitations, so a candidate may appear to have a strong outside support network when the money isn't really independently spent but rather provided by people working in concert with the primary campaign committee. References.
Trending Now. Answers. Best Answer: increase in the gov spending or tax reduction cause the increase in the demand for transaction money(Mt), and this puts the pressure on the interest rate to increase, crowding out occurs depending on how interest sensitive the firms are. Increase in gov spending shifts the IS curve to the right.