1 When the gallstones travel out of the gallbladder into the bile ducts, they block the opening that drains bile and enzymes. The bile and enzymes back up into the pancreas and cause swelling.  Genetics may be a factor in some cases. Sometimes, the cause is not known.
An increased level of the cardiac protein isoform of troponin circulating in the blood has been shown to be a biomarker of heart disorders, the most important of which is myocardial infarction. Raised troponin levels indicate cardiac muscle cell death as the molecule is released into the blood upon injury to the heart.
1 The most sensitive early marker for myocardial infarction is myoglobin. 2  Troponin levels should be measured at presentation and again 10-12 hours after the onset of symptoms. 3  When there is uncertainty regarding the time of symptom onset, troponin should be measured at twelve hours after the presentation.