The speech standard of the Ming and Qing empires was called Mandarin language by European missionaries, translating the Chinese name Guanhua (the language of the officials) for this speech standard, which was current already in the Ming Dynasty.
Producer gas is made by blowing air through an incandescent fuel bed (commonly coke or coal) in a gas producer. The reaction of fuel with insufficient air for total combustion produces carbon monoxide (CO); this reaction is exothermic and self-sustaining.
Technically however fire is a form of combustion. Combustion is defined as a self sustaining chemical reaction yielding energy or products that cause further reactions of the same kind. Fire is defined as a rapid self-sustaining oxidation process accompanied by the evolution of heat and light of varying intensities. The 3 components necessary for a fire to occur are; 1. HEAT-the energy component it supports combustion through pyrolysis. 2.