Excessive sodium: High urinary levels of sodium result in increased levels of calcium. Certain defects in the kidney tubules transport system, which cause imbalances in sodium and phosphate, can lead to high calcium levels in the urine. A diet high in salt can also produce this effect.
NCP Nursing Diagnosis: Decreased Cardiac Output. Common causes of reduced cardiac output include myocardial infarction, hypertension, valvular heart disease, congenital heart disease, cardiomyopathy, pulmonary disease, arrhythmias, drug effects, fluid overload, decreased fluid volume, and electrolyte imbalance.
What causes it? The most common causes of decreased heart rate are sinus bradycardia, heart failure, and high blood pressure. Other possible causes, such as heart block, are more rare. Within all the people who go to their doctor with decreased heart rate, 54% report having shortness of breath, 42% report having dizziness, and 34% report having fainting.