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The diversity of the ethnic makeup of Yemen is reflected in the languages spoken, with many indigenous languages used throughout the country. The official language of Yemen is Modern Standard Arabic, as established by Article 2 of the 1991 constitution. This language is spoken by approximately 17.7 million individuals, and is the language of government services, media broadcasts, and public education. In addition to the Modern Standard variety, at least 5 other spoken dialects of Arabic are also used throughout the country.
Although only around five to fifteen million people speak Swahili as their first language, it is used as a lingua franca in much of Southeast Africa. Estimates of the total number of Swahili speakers vary widely, from 60 million to over 150 million.t is a lingua franca of the African Great Lakes region and other parts of Southeast Africa, including Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Mozambique and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The closely related Comorian language, spoken in the Comoros Islands, is sometimes considered a dialect.