Excessive sodium: High urinary levels of sodium result in increased levels of calcium. Certain defects in the kidney tubules transport system, which cause imbalances in sodium and phosphate, can lead to high calcium levels in the urine. A diet high in salt can also produce this effect.
NCP Nursing Diagnosis: Decreased Cardiac Output. Common causes of reduced cardiac output include myocardial infarction, hypertension, valvular heart disease, congenital heart disease, cardiomyopathy, pulmonary disease, arrhythmias, drug effects, fluid overload, decreased fluid volume, and electrolyte imbalance.
Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by the ventricle per minute. It is equal to the stroke volume times the heart rate: CO = SV x HR cardiac output = stroke volum â¦ e x heart rate Stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped each time the ventricle contracts.o, cardiac output can be increased by increasing either the stroke volume or the heart rate, or both. --- During exercise, the initial increase in cardiac output is due to an increase in both heart rate and stroke volume.