1 When the gallstones travel out of the gallbladder into the bile ducts, they block the opening that drains bile and enzymes. The bile and enzymes back up into the pancreas and cause swelling.  Genetics may be a factor in some cases. Sometimes, the cause is not known.
An increased level of the cardiac protein isoform of troponin circulating in the blood has been shown to be a biomarker of heart disorders, the most important of which is myocardial infarction. Raised troponin levels indicate cardiac muscle cell death as the molecule is released into the blood upon injury to the heart.
In a healthy individual, troponin is not detectable in the blood. Increased levels of troponin indicate damage to the heart; as a general rule, the bigger the increase, the more damage has been done. If the results show a large increase in troponin levels, it is very likely that the patient has had a heart attack.