The speech standard of the Ming and Qing empires was called Mandarin language by European missionaries, translating the Chinese name Guanhua (the language of the officials) for this speech standard, which was current already in the Ming Dynasty.
Producer gas is made by blowing air through an incandescent fuel bed (commonly coke or coal) in a gas producer. The reaction of fuel with insufficient air for total combustion produces carbon monoxide (CO); this reaction is exothermic and self-sustaining.
A stove burner fueled by natural gas. A stove burner fueled by natural gas. Natural gas is a fuel made of methane, mixed with up to 20% of other gasses such as ethane and other hydrocarbons. Facts About Natural Gas.