There is some evidence which suggests that the use of Irish stick weapons may have evolved in a progression from a reliance on long spears and wattles, to shorter spears and wattles, to the shillelagh, alpeen, blackthorn (walking-stick) and short cudgel.
Moreover, most of the associated drugs fatalities including tramadol have been reported with other central nervous system (CNS) depressants, particularly benzodiazepine [9], [10], [11], [13] and [14]. In certain cases, benzodiazepine levels were in the therapeutic range or slightly higher.
Tramadol dose not contain codeine. Codeine is an opiate. Tramadol is a nonopiate analgesic. Mark Connel2001 is mistaken. Tramadol is not an opiate. It is a synthetic analog of codeine (which is an opiate).