By averaging all 6 values, we can estimate that an average European Swallow flies at cruising speed with a frequency of roughly 15 beats per. second, and an amplitude of roughly 22 cm. Last monthâs article on The Strouhal Number in Cruising Flight showed how simplified flight waveforms that graph amplitude versus.
In the anteroposterior direction, the curvature is referred to as kyphosis (increased posterior convexity of the spine) or lordosis (increased posterior concavity of the spine). Most scoliosis also has a rotational component. Conventional radiographs (x-rays) are an excellent means for assessing scoliosis.ospital for Special Surgery. Spinal malalignment-Scoliosis and Listhesis. Scoliosis refers to abnormal curvature of the spine. Scoliosis may result from various structural causes, although the most common form of scoliosis is called idiopathic scoliosis, which has no known cause.
The upper surface of a typical cervical vertebral body is concave from side to side and convex in an anterior posterior direction (fig 1). The upper projection of the lateral superior surface is known as the uncus and articulates with the vertebral body above at the uncovertebral joint of Luschka.urgery is generally used in degenerative disease for decompression of spinal cord or nerve roots. The decompression itself may lead to a relative destabilisation of the cervical spine by interference with muscle, ligament or bone.