Contour plowing. Contour ploughing or contour farming is the farming practice of ploughing and/or planting across a slope following its elevation contour lines. These contour lines create a water break which reduces the formation of rills and gullies during times of heavy water run-off; which is a major cause of top soil loss and soil erosion.
The ex-ante cost of equity capital is the core fac-tor in financial decision making such as equity valuation or project evaluation. As the ex-ante cost of equity capital is not observable, the ex-post realized stock return has been utilized as an indirect measure of the ex-ante cost of equity capital.However, the realized stock return has been proven as a noisy proxy for the ex-ante cost of eq-uity (Fama and French, 1997; Elton, 1999).sia-Pacific Journal of Financial Studies (2008) v37 n4 G  which suggests that the ICOE may reduce the noises in the ex-post stock returns as a proxy for the ex-ante cost of equity capital. Table 2 also reports the correlations among risk proxies.
For example, if the market value of a company's equity is $600 million and it has $400 million of debt on its balance sheet, then 60% of its capital is equity and 40% is debt. If the company's cost of equity is 10% and its cost of debt is 7%, then its WACC is:(60% x 10%) + (40% x 7%) = 8.8%. Note: If using the cash flow to the firm DCF method, the WACC would be your discount rate.he cost of capital used in a DCF model can have a significant impact on the fair value, so it's important to pay attention to this estimated figure. The rate you would use to discount cash flows if using the cash flow to the firm method is actually a company's weighted average cost of capital, or WACC.