There is some evidence which suggests that the use of Irish stick weapons may have evolved in a progression from a reliance on long spears and wattles, to shorter spears and wattles, to the shillelagh, alpeen, blackthorn (walking-stick) and short cudgel.
Moreover, most of the associated drugs fatalities including tramadol have been reported with other central nervous system (CNS) depressants, particularly benzodiazepine [9], [10], [11], [13] and [14]. In certain cases, benzodiazepine levels were in the therapeutic range or slightly higher.
May be of value in clinical toxicity due to methaqualone, barbiturates, paraquat, methotrexate and even phenytoin. It joins benzodiazepines such as valium and tempazepam, some forms of strong painkillers and methaqualone, a hypnotic known as quaaludes in the US.