14 Spontaneous Retrieval inProspective Memory MARK A. McDANIEL and GILLES O. EINSTEIN O ur chapter, like others in this volume, focuses on episodic memory.Otherchapters have approached episodic memory as a process or system topreserve an individualâs mental record of his or her past.instein, & M. McDaniel (Eds.), Prospective memory: Theory and applications (pp. 115â142). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.Einstein, G. O., & McDaniel, M. A. (2005). Prospective memory: Multiple retrieval pro-cesses.
The whiptail stingrays are a family, Dasyatidae, of rays in the order Myliobatiformes. They are found worldwide in tropical to temperate marine waters, and a number of species have also penetrated into fresh water in North America, Africa, Asia, and Australia.
The 'stinger' actually is a barbed spine that is located at the base of the stingray's tail. The barb contains a venom and is the stingray's defensive weapon. It does not use the barb on prey. Stingrays spend a lot of time swimming just over the surface of sandy bottoms, looking for food. When they feed, and sometimes when they rest, they settle onto the bottom and lie flat. Thus, whether resting or hunting, they are subject to predation from above.