14 Spontaneous Retrieval inProspective Memory MARK A. McDANIEL and GILLES O. EINSTEIN O ur chapter, like others in this volume, focuses on episodic memory.Otherchapters have approached episodic memory as a process or system topreserve an individualâs mental record of his or her past.instein, & M. McDaniel (Eds.), Prospective memory: Theory and applications (pp. 115â142). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.Einstein, G. O., & McDaniel, M. A. (2005). Prospective memory: Multiple retrieval pro-cesses.
The whiptail stingrays are a family, Dasyatidae, of rays in the order Myliobatiformes. They are found worldwide in tropical to temperate marine waters, and a number of species have also penetrated into fresh water in North America, Africa, Asia, and Australia.
The stingrays are a large suborder of the rays. They are cartilaginous fishes related to sharks. They are classified in the suborder Myliobatoidei of the order Myliobatiformes, and consist of eight families. Most stingrays have one or more barbed stings on the tail, which is used only for self-defense. The sting may reach about 35 cm, and its underside has two grooves with venom glands.