14 Spontaneous Retrieval inProspective Memory MARK A. McDANIEL and GILLES O. EINSTEIN O ur chapter, like others in this volume, focuses on episodic memory.Otherchapters have approached episodic memory as a process or system topreserve an individualâs mental record of his or her past.instein, & M. McDaniel (Eds.), Prospective memory: Theory and applications (pp. 115â142). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.Einstein, G. O., & McDaniel, M. A. (2005). Prospective memory: Multiple retrieval pro-cesses.
The whiptail stingrays are a family, Dasyatidae, of rays in the order Myliobatiformes. They are found worldwide in tropical to temperate marine waters, and a number of species have also penetrated into fresh water in North America, Africa, Asia, and Australia.
The stingray's tail does not have a 'stinger' at the end of it, and they do not sting divers or prey by whipping their tails around. Most people who have had nasty encounters with stingrays have been divers and waders who accidentally stepped on a ray, or swam closely over one that was half-buried in the sand.