Patients and researchers cannot order clinical laboratory tests on anyone including themselves. All moderate and high complexity testing (see below) must be conducted in laboratories certified by the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Act (CLIA). Physician office laboratories can receive a Certificate of Waiver for waived tests.
A kidney stone, also known as a renal calculus or nephrolith, is a solid piece of material which is formed in the kidneys from minerals in urine. Kidney stones typically leave the body in the urine stream, and a small stone may pass without causing symptoms.ther associated symptoms include: nausea, vomiting, fever, blood in the urine, pus in the urine, and painful urination. Blockage of the ureter can cause decreased kidney function and dilation of the kidney. Most stones form due to a combination of genetics and environmental factors.
There are four major types of kidney stones: (1) calcium stones, which are the most common type, are primarily composed of calcium and either phosphate or oxalate, and are primarily due to increased calcium levels in urine; (2) urate or uric acid stones, which are smooth, soft and brown stones that form because of increased uric acid levels in urine; (3) struvite stones, which contain magnesium and ammonia and are typically formed because of infectious bacteria that split a chemical called ...