Several popes attempted to improve navigation on the Tiber in the 17th and 18th century, with extensive dredging continuing into the 19th century. Trade was boosted for a while but by the 20th century silting had resulted in the river only being navigable as far as Rome itself. The Tiber was once known for its floods â the Campus Martius is a flood plain and would regularly flood to a depth of 2 metres (6 ft 7 in).
Franz Mesmer started the idea that there is a state similar to sleep that people can experience in more controlled settings. Mesmerism was named after him, and psychologists like James Braid and Freud expanded on his ideas with some more closer to legitimate scientific evidence to develop his ideas into hypnosis.
Max Wertheimer (April 15, 1880 â October 12, 1943) was an Austro-Hungarian-born psychologist who was one of the three founders of Gestalt psychology, along with Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang Koehler. KÃ¶hler he is known for his, Book Productive, thinking and for conceiving the phi phenomenon as part of his work In gestalt. psychologyertheimer's work on gestalt psychology with his colleagues at The New School was seen as an opposition and alternative to the behavioral approach to psychology. Wertheimer started the cognitive school of psychology.