States with the highest per student expenditures were: 1  Vermont ($19,752), 2  New York ($19,523), 3  New Jersey ($19,291), 4  Alaska ($18,192),and. 5  Rhode Island ($17,666).
1 Glucagon binds its receptor in the plasma membrane of target cells (e.g. hepatocytes). 2  Bound receptor interacts with and, through a set of G proteins, turns on adenylate cyclase, which is also an integral membrane protein.
In order for insulin to act, it must first bind to specific receptors located on. the plasma membranes of cells (1,2). These receptors were first defined by. virtue of their insulin-binding characteristics, which typically included high. affinity for insulin, rapid and saturable binding, and specificity for insulin.