Pyelonephritis may start with similar symptoms. However, once the infection has spread to the kidney, signs of more severe illness usually result. They include: 1  Back pain or flank pain. 2  Fever (usually present) or chills. 3  Feeling sick (malaise). 4  Nausea and vomiting. 5  Confusion (especially in the elderly).
The androgen receptor (AR), also known as NR3C4 (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 4), is a type of nuclear receptor that is activated by binding either of the androgenic hormones, testosterone, or dihydrotestosterone in the cytoplasm and then translocating into the nucleus.n some cell types, testosterone interacts directly with androgen receptors, whereas, in others, testosterone is converted by 5-alpha-reductase to dihydrotestosterone, an even more potent agonist for androgen receptor activation.
During androgen-independent progression, prostate cancer relies on various cellular pathways, some involving the androgen receptor and others bypassing it. In the former type of pathway, a mutated androgen receptor may be activated by various ligands.he androgen dihydrotestosterone binds to the androgen receptor, dissociating it from heat-shock proteins. The dihydrotestosterone-bound androgen receptor translocates into the nucleus, dimerizes, and binds to the androgen-response elements, thereby activating genes involved in cell growth.