Pyelonephritis may start with similar symptoms. However, once the infection has spread to the kidney, signs of more severe illness usually result. They include: 1  Back pain or flank pain. 2  Fever (usually present) or chills. 3  Feeling sick (malaise). 4  Nausea and vomiting. 5  Confusion (especially in the elderly).
The androgen receptor (AR), also known as NR3C4 (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 4), is a type of nuclear receptor that is activated by binding either of the androgenic hormones, testosterone, or dihydrotestosterone in the cytoplasm and then translocating into the nucleus.n some cell types, testosterone interacts directly with androgen receptors, whereas, in others, testosterone is converted by 5-alpha-reductase to dihydrotestosterone, an even more potent agonist for androgen receptor activation.
Hormones, though, only bind to certain, compatible receptor types. Thyroid hormones and each steroid hormone group-the estrogens, androgens, progestins, glucocorticoids (stress hormones), and mineralocorticoids (water and ion-regulating hormones) - have a matching hormone receptor type. In this case, the estrogen hormone 17-beta-estradiol is the ligand, and the estrogen receptor is the protein. 2  Binding turns on, or activates, a hormone receptor. 3  Activation sets in motion cell signaling systems that trigger gene expression and lead to responses typical of a particular hormone.