Several popes attempted to improve navigation on the Tiber in the 17th and 18th century, with extensive dredging continuing into the 19th century. Trade was boosted for a while but by the 20th century silting had resulted in the river only being navigable as far as Rome itself. The Tiber was once known for its floods â the Campus Martius is a flood plain and would regularly flood to a depth of 2 metres (6 ft 7 in).
Franz Anton Mesmer. The modern era of hypnosis and hypnotherapy really begins with Franz Anton Mesmer (1734-1815), the Viennese physician who left the word âmesmerismâ to posterity. For various reasons, he also gave hypnosis the rather unsalubrious reputation that still persists in some quarters today.
Charcot; Jean Martin Charcot (French neurologist who tried to use hypnotism to cure hysteria (1825-1893)). Cushing; Harvery Williams Cushing; Harvey Cushing (United States neurologist noted for his study of the brain and pituitary gland and who identified Cushing's syndrome (1869-1939)).