Several popes attempted to improve navigation on the Tiber in the 17th and 18th century, with extensive dredging continuing into the 19th century. Trade was boosted for a while but by the 20th century silting had resulted in the river only being navigable as far as Rome itself. The Tiber was once known for its floods â the Campus Martius is a flood plain and would regularly flood to a depth of 2 metres (6 ft 7 in).
Franz Anton Mesmer. The modern era of hypnosis and hypnotherapy really begins with Franz Anton Mesmer (1734-1815), the Viennese physician who left the word âmesmerismâ to posterity. For various reasons, he also gave hypnosis the rather unsalubrious reputation that still persists in some quarters today.
Wundt, who noted psychology as a science apart from biology and philosophy, was the first person to ever call himself a psychologist. He is widely regarded as the father of experimental psychology .In 1879, Wundt founded the first formal laboratory for psychological research at the University of Leipzig.n doing so, he was able to establish psychology as a separate science from other topics. He also formed the first academic journal for psychological research, Philosophische Studien, in the year 1881. Wundt concentrated on three areas of mental functioning; thoughts, images and feelings.