States with the highest per student expenditures were: 1  Vermont ($19,752), 2  New York ($19,523), 3  New Jersey ($19,291), 4  Alaska ($18,192),and. 5  Rhode Island ($17,666).
1 Glucagon binds its receptor in the plasma membrane of target cells (e.g. hepatocytes). 2  Bound receptor interacts with and, through a set of G proteins, turns on adenylate cyclase, which is also an integral membrane protein.
From the blood, an insulin molecule crosses the blood vessel wall and attaches to an insulin receptor on the outer wall of a muscle, liver or fat cell. This attachment triggers the movement of glucose into the interior of the cell, where it can be converted into energy for metabolism, repair and defense.