States with the highest per student expenditures were: 1  Vermont ($19,752), 2  New York ($19,523), 3  New Jersey ($19,291), 4  Alaska ($18,192),and. 5  Rhode Island ($17,666).
1 Glucagon binds its receptor in the plasma membrane of target cells (e.g. hepatocytes). 2  Bound receptor interacts with and, through a set of G proteins, turns on adenylate cyclase, which is also an integral membrane protein.
A signaling molecule. The term ligand is used for a molecule that specifically binds to another molecule, often a larger one. Ligand binding generally causes a receptor protein to undergo a change in shape.For many receptors, this shape change directly activates the receptor, enabling it to interact with other cellular molecules.For other kinds of receptors, the immediate effect of a ligand binding is to cause the aggregation of two or more receptor molecules, which leads to further molecular events inside the cell.or many receptors, this shape change directly activates the receptor, enabling it to interact with other cellular molecules. For other kinds of receptors, the immediate effect of a ligand binding is to cause the aggregation of two or more receptor molecules, which leads to further molecular events inside the cell.