Several popes attempted to improve navigation on the Tiber in the 17th and 18th century, with extensive dredging continuing into the 19th century. Trade was boosted for a while but by the 20th century silting had resulted in the river only being navigable as far as Rome itself. The Tiber was once known for its floods â the Campus Martius is a flood plain and would regularly flood to a depth of 2 metres (6 ft 7 in).
Franz Mesmer started the idea that there is a state similar to sleep that people can experience in more controlled settings. Mesmerism was named after him, and psychologists like James Braid and Freud expanded on his ideas with some more closer to legitimate scientific evidence to develop his ideas into hypnosis.
Wundt, who noted psychology as a science apart from biology and philosophy, was the first person to ever call himself a psychologist. He is widely regarded as the father of experimental psychology .In 1879, Wundt founded the first formal laboratory for psychological research at the University of Leipzig.n doing so, he was able to establish psychology as a separate science from other topics. He also formed the first academic journal for psychological research, Philosophische Studien, in the year 1881. Wundt concentrated on three areas of mental functioning; thoughts, images and feelings.