A double blind study is the most rigorous clinical research design because, in addition to the randomization of subjects, which reduces the risk of bias, it can eliminate or minimize the placebo effect which is a further challenge to the validity of a study.
Transcription by RNA polymerase. An RNA strand is synthesized in the 5â²âââ3â² direction from a locally single stranded region of DNA. (After E. J. Gardner, M. J. Simmons, and D. P. Snustad, Principles of Genetics, (more...).igure 10-6. Transcription of two genes. (a) RNA polymerase moves from the 3â² end of the template strand, creating an RNA strand that grows in a 5â²âââ3â² direction (because it must be antiparallel to the template strand).
protein synthesis occurs in cellular structures called ribosomes , found out-side the nucleus. The process by which genetic information is transferred from the nucleus to the ribosomes is called transcription. During transcription, a strand of ribonucleic acid (RNA) is synthesized. This messenger RNA (mRNA) is complementary to the portion of DNA that directed itâit has a complementary nucleotide at each point in the chain. A specialized protein called an enzyme controls when transcription occurs.