States with the highest per student expenditures were: 1  Vermont ($19,752), 2  New York ($19,523), 3  New Jersey ($19,291), 4  Alaska ($18,192),and. 5  Rhode Island ($17,666).
1 Glucagon binds its receptor in the plasma membrane of target cells (e.g. hepatocytes). 2  Bound receptor interacts with and, through a set of G proteins, turns on adenylate cyclase, which is also an integral membrane protein.
For prokaryotes, most regulatory proteins are negative and therefore turn genes off. Here, the cells rely on proteinâsmall molecule binding, in which a ligand or small molecule signals the state of the cell and whether gene expression is needed.The repressor or activator protein binds near its regulatory target: the gene.ere, the cells rely on proteinâsmall molecule binding, in which a ligand or small molecule signals the state of the cell and whether gene expression is needed. The repressor or activator protein binds near its regulatory target: the gene.