Calculus is the mathematical study of change, in the same way that geometry is the study of shape and algebra is the study of operations and their application to solving equations.
The gut microbiota affects numerous biological functions throughout the body and its characterisation has become a major research area in biomedicine. Recent studies have suggested that gut bacteria play a fundamental role in diseases such as obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. further hint towards an association between microbiota and T2D has been derived from studies in pregnancy showing that major gut microbial shifts occurring during pregnancy affect host metabolism. Interestingly, certain antidiabetic drugs such as metformin also interfere with the intestinal microbiota.
Bad breath and diabetes. Often bad breath is caused by a build up of bacteria in the mouth. This is because as bacteria digest glucose or food particles, they can release foul smelling gasses. Because bacteria feed on glucose, high blood sugar levels can cause them to grow. Saliva may contain higher than normal amounts of glucose in diabetics with hyperglycemia, so the bacteria are persuaded to grow. This can lead to tooth decay or gum disease, also known as periodontal disease or gingivitis.