Twenty years ago, âinfrastructureâ was defined primarily with respect to the. adequacy of the nationâs public works. In the mid-1990's, however, the growing. threat of international terrorism led policy makers to reconsider the definition of. âinfrastructureâ in the context of homela nd security.
Risk factors for leukoplakia of the vocal cords include: ï· Alcohol use ï· Tobacco use ï· Laryngopharyngeal reflux ï· Diabetes ï· Use of inhaled steroids ï· Use of corticosteroids ï· Use of immunosuppressive drugs including chemotherapy and anti-rejection medicines ï· Radiation therapy.
Nodules are most frequently caused by vocal abuse or misuse. 1  Polyps may be caused by vocal abuse over a long period of time, but may also occur after trauma to the vocal folds. Other causes of polyps include: 2  Long-term cigarette smoking. 3  Hypothyroidism. 4  Gastric reflux.