SAMPLE APA PAPER FOR STUDENTS 2. Abstract. You may not have to include an abstract with your paper; if in doubt, ask your instructor. The. abstract is a single paragraph in block format (without paragraph indentation) and should be. between 150 and 250 words. Be sure to understand the difference between the abstract (a.
In the XY sex-determination system, the female-provided ovum contributes an X chromosome and the male-provided sperm contributes either an X chromosome or a Y chromosome, resulting in female (XX) or male (XY) offspring, respectively. Hormone levels in the male parent affect the sex ratio of sperm in humans.
What is genotype? Your genotype is your complete heritable genetic identity; it is your unique genome that would be revealed by personal genome sequencing. However, the word genotype can also refer just to a particular gene or set of genes carried by an individual. For example, if you carry a mutation that is linked to diabetes, you may refer to your genotype just with respect to this mutation without consideration of all the other gene variants that your may carry. In contrast, your phenotype is a description of your actual physical characteristics.