In the past, people were accustomed to writing in vertical lines from right to left. The traditional couplets followed this rule, but things have changed. Sometimes people don't follow the rules, and they even make mistakes. Here is the way to read Spring Festival Couplets: First, look at the horizontal scroll. If the four characters are written from left to right, the upper scroll will be on the left and the lower scroll on the right.
The input of water cannot estimate photosynthetic rate, since it is also used in transpiration. The parameter that you chose to measure depends on your resources and the accuracy required of your estimates. There are instruments that measure the input of CO2 and output of H2O, called Photosynthesis Measurement Systems.
The measure of photochemical efficiency is made by meauring the amount of oxygen produced by leaves following exposure to various wavelengths. It is evident from these absorption and output plots that only the red and blue ends of the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum are used by plants in photosynthesis.The reflection and transmission of the middle of the spectrum gives the leaves their green visual color.he measured rate of photosynthesis as a function of absorbed wavelength correlates well with the absorption frequencies of chlorophyll a, but makes it evident that there are some other contributors to the absorption.