Dangling Participles. Dangling participles (also known as dangling modifiers) sound more painful than they actually are. Consider the following sentences all of which contain dangling participles or dangling modifiers. In the sentence below, the modifying clause (Rushing to catch the bus) contains a participle (rushing).
S/N and (S+N)/N When measuring signal to noise ratio there are two basic elements to the measurement. One is the noise level and the other is the signal. As a result of the way measurements are made, often the signal measurement also includes noise as well, i.e. it is a signal plus noise measurement.
The relationship between sound and noise levels is generally described in terms of a signal-to-noise ratio. With a masking noise level between 35 and 100 dB, the threshold for 100% intelligibility is usually a signal-to-noise ratio of 12 dB. The speech signal ranges from about 200-8000 Hz, while human hearing ranges from about 20-20,000 Hz, so the effects of masking depend on the frequency range of the masking noise.