A form of apparatus often used for testing specimens of steel consists of a small electric furnace in which to heat the specimen, and a special thermo-couple pyrometer (see  Pyrometers ) for indicating the range of temperatures through which the steel passes.
Where the American Civil War Began. Decades of growing strife between North and South erupted in civil war on April 12, 1861, when Confederate artillery opened fire on this Federal fort in Charleston Harbor. Fort Sumter surrendered 34 hours later. Union forces would try for nearly four years to take it back.
Avid political scientist with a strong focus on US History, including the political & military aspects of the US Civil War. The first major battle of the US Civil War was the Battle of Bull Run. It was fought on July 21, 1861. It was a Confederate victory. Later this battle was called the First Bull Run as about one year later, in the same location Union and Confederate forces met again and it was a Southern victory.