A form of apparatus often used for testing specimens of steel consists of a small electric furnace in which to heat the specimen, and a special thermo-couple pyrometer (see  Pyrometers ) for indicating the range of temperatures through which the steel passes.
Where the American Civil War Began. Decades of growing strife between North and South erupted in civil war on April 12, 1861, when Confederate artillery opened fire on this Federal fort in Charleston Harbor. Fort Sumter surrendered 34 hours later. Union forces would try for nearly four years to take it back.
The U.S. Civil War began on April 12, 1861 when Confederate  batteries opened fire on Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina.   In a more detailed sense the Confederac â¦ y recognized that a state of  war existed between themselves and the Union in May of 1861.The US  Supreme Court ruled that a state of war did not exist until July of  1861. In a more detailed sense the Confederac â¦ y recognized that a state of  war existed between themselves and the Union in May of 1861. The US  Supreme Court ruled that a state of war did not exist until July of  1861.