DEFINITION of 'Substitution Effect'. The idea that as prices rise (or incomes decrease) consumers will replace more expensive items with less costly alternatives.
Dysmenorrhea, also known as dysmenorrhoea, painful periods, or menstrual cramps, is pain during menstruation. It usually begins around the time that menstruation begins. Symptoms typically last less than three days. The pain is usually in the pelvis or lower abdomen.Other symptoms may include back pain, diarrhea, or nausea. In young women painful periods often occur without an underlying problem.t usually begins around the time that menstruation begins. Symptoms typically last less than three days. The pain is usually in the pelvis or lower abdomen. Other symptoms may include back pain, diarrhea, or nausea. In young women painful periods often occur without an underlying problem.
Common causes of secondary dysmenorrhea include: 1  Endometriosis. 2  Endometriosis is a chronic and often progressive disease that develops when the tissue that lines the uterus (endometrium) grows onto other areas, such as the ovaries, bowels, or bladder. 3  It often causes chronic pelvic pain.lood tests can help rule out other conditions that cause menstrual disorders. For example, your doctor may test thyroid function to make sure that low thyroid (hypothyroidism) is not present. Blood tests can also check follicle-stimulating hormone, estrogen, and prolactin levels.