A form of apparatus often used for testing specimens of steel consists of a small electric furnace in which to heat the specimen, and a special thermo-couple pyrometer (see  Pyrometers ) for indicating the range of temperatures through which the steel passes.
Where the American Civil War Began. Decades of growing strife between North and South erupted in civil war on April 12, 1861, when Confederate artillery opened fire on this Federal fort in Charleston Harbor. Fort Sumter surrendered 34 hours later. Union forces would try for nearly four years to take it back.
African Americans in the Union Army. The Civil War Began On April 12, 1861 with the firing on Fort Sumter, and ended on April 18, 1865 with the surrender of the Confederate army.While the Civil War is always covered, African American participation as soldiers in the Union army are not. Barriers to Enlistment.he Civil War Began On April 12, 1861 with the firing on Fort Sumter, and ended on April 18, 1865 with the surrender of the Confederate army. While the Civil War is always covered, African American participation as soldiers in the Union army are not. Barriers to Enlistment.