A form of apparatus often used for testing specimens of steel consists of a small electric furnace in which to heat the specimen, and a special thermo-couple pyrometer (see  Pyrometers ) for indicating the range of temperatures through which the steel passes.
Where the American Civil War Began. Decades of growing strife between North and South erupted in civil war on April 12, 1861, when Confederate artillery opened fire on this Federal fort in Charleston Harbor. Fort Sumter surrendered 34 hours later. Union forces would try for nearly four years to take it back.
Officially, the time when the Civil War began was in 1862. The battle was between the northern states known as the Union, and the southern states or Confederacy. The roots of the conflict however, were planted years earlier. Issues that Led to Conflict.There were several issues that the two sides disagreed upon.hen the Civil War began, thousands of people volunteered to join. When it ended on April 9 1865, the Union had won. Over 600,000 soldiers died. Most of those who died did so in the major battles of First Bull Run, Shiloh, the Seven Days and the final Union siege.