Pathology: Blood or qi deficiency. This is seen in cases of deficiencies and failure of Qi and blood. It can also be seen in disharmonies of the even emotions, weakness in Yang Qi, internal damage to jing, and penetration of dampness.
Testing for venous blood clots. Venous blood clots may be detected in a variety of ways, though ultrasound is most commonly used. Occasionally, the patient's size and shape limit the ability for ultrasound to provide a definitive answer. Venography is an alternative test to look for a clot.
A cardiac catheterization can check blood flow in the coronary arteries, check blood flow and blood pressure in the chambers of the heart, find out how well the heart valves work, and check for defects in the way the wall of the heart moves.