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Geographic Information Systems (GIS): [GIS dictionary] GIS is a computer-based tool that analyzes, stores, manipulates and visualizes geographic information on a map. GIS links geographic locations on Earth with attribute information enabling users to visualize patterns, understand relationships and trends.
Performing GIS analysis and mapping applications requires a more stable coordinate framework, which is provided by projected coordinate systems. Map projections using Cartesian coordinates. Projected coordinate systems are any coordinate system designed for a flat surface, such as a printed map or a computer screen. 2D and 3D Cartesian coordinate systems provide the mechanism for describing the geographic location and shape of features using x and y values (and, as you will read later, by using columns and rows in rasters).