Or, for a medical example, suppose smoking multiplies the risk of lung cancer by some number R: then the Wald test can be used to test whether R = 1 (i.e. there is no effect of smoking) or is greater (or less) than 1 (i.e. smoking alters risk).
There are more than 900 species of Tardigrade or Water Bear, pictured. They're found everywhere in the world, from the highest mountains to the deepest oceans. Boil the 1mm creatures, freeze them, dry them, expose them to radiation and they're so resilient they'll still be alive 200 years later.
Polar Bears. The polar bear is a large white bear that lives in the the arctic region. The polar bear lives only in the Northern Hemisphere, on the arctic ice cap, and spends most of its time in coastal areas. The polar bear is considered a marine mammal because of the characteristics they have for a marine lifestyle.