Absolute zero. Zero kelvin (â273.15 Â°C) is defined as absolute zero. Absolute zero is the lower limit of the thermodynamic temperature scale, a state at which the enthalpy and entropy of a cooled ideal gas reaches its minimum value, taken as 0. Absolute zero is the point at which the fundamental particles of nature have minimal vibrational motion, retaining only quantum mechanical, zero-point energy-induced particle motion. The theoretical temperature is determined by extrapolating the ideal gas law; by international agreement, absolute zero is taken as ...
The nuclear spins for individual protons and neutrons parallels the treatment of electron spin, with spin 1/2 and an associated magnetic moment. The magnetic moment is much smaller than that of the electron. For the combination neutrons and protons into nuclei, the situation is more complicated.
Electrons have a negative charge, so they are repelled by the positive charge of the protons in the nucleus. They don't all move in circular orbits, however. Elect â¦ rons orbit the nucleus in shells; within each shell, only the one or two electrons in the 's' subshell actually orbit the nucleus in approximately a circular fashion. The rest of the electrons in that shell orbit in a more complex motion, dictated by the laws of quantum mechanics. As a chemist who earned my Ph.D. in physical chemistry, I couldn't help but correct the original answer. Firstly, the answer to your question is that electrons do not move in circular orbits around an atom's nucleus. Please read on for further explaination. Secondly, electrons and protons stongly attract one another; they do not repel one another. The Electrostatic Force is extremely powerful.