Absolute zero. Zero kelvin (â273.15 Â°C) is defined as absolute zero. Absolute zero is the lower limit of the thermodynamic temperature scale, a state at which the enthalpy and entropy of a cooled ideal gas reaches its minimum value, taken as 0. Absolute zero is the point at which the fundamental particles of nature have minimal vibrational motion, retaining only quantum mechanical, zero-point energy-induced particle motion. The theoretical temperature is determined by extrapolating the ideal gas law; by international agreement, absolute zero is taken as ...
The nuclear spins for individual protons and neutrons parallels the treatment of electron spin, with spin 1/2 and an associated magnetic moment. The magnetic moment is much smaller than that of the electron. For the combination neutrons and protons into nuclei, the situation is more complicated.
ELECTRONS. After reading this section you will be able to do the following: Describe the behavior of electrons in an atom. Explain how electrons allow atoms to gain or lose energy. So far, we have talked mainly about what is inside the nucleus of an atom. Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus. Circling around outside the nucleus are tiny little particles called electrons. Electrons have a negative charge. Electrons spin as they circle the nucleus billions of times every second.