Or, for a medical example, suppose smoking multiplies the risk of lung cancer by some number R: then the Wald test can be used to test whether R = 1 (i.e. there is no effect of smoking) or is greater (or less) than 1 (i.e. smoking alters risk).
There are more than 900 species of Tardigrade or Water Bear, pictured. They're found everywhere in the world, from the highest mountains to the deepest oceans. Boil the 1mm creatures, freeze them, dry them, expose them to radiation and they're so resilient they'll still be alive 200 years later.
Molting Water Bear or Tardigrade with an egg mass. Water Bear's can surivive 5,700 grays of radiation, when 10-20 grays would kill humans and most other animals. This Tardigrade or Water Bear is infested by fungi. The animals can also live for a decade without water and even survive in space.