Or, for a medical example, suppose smoking multiplies the risk of lung cancer by some number R: then the Wald test can be used to test whether R = 1 (i.e. there is no effect of smoking) or is greater (or less) than 1 (i.e. smoking alters risk).
There are more than 900 species of Tardigrade or Water Bear, pictured. They're found everywhere in the world, from the highest mountains to the deepest oceans. Boil the 1mm creatures, freeze them, dry them, expose them to radiation and they're so resilient they'll still be alive 200 years later.
Brown bears can be found throughout northern and western Canada and northern Europe. They are commonly found in Alaska and may be seen in the northwestern corner of the United States. Some live near the coast, where salmon are abundant in the streams. Others live farther inland in brushy areas. These are the bears that are more commonly referred to as grizzlies. Brown bears are omnivorous, eating a wide variety of foods. They are most commonly known for salmon fishing, but also eat various types of vegetation such as berries, whitebark pine nuts, roots, and grasses. They are powerful hunters and will prey on animals such as moose and mountain sheep.