Or, for a medical example, suppose smoking multiplies the risk of lung cancer by some number R: then the Wald test can be used to test whether R = 1 (i.e. there is no effect of smoking) or is greater (or less) than 1 (i.e. smoking alters risk).
There are more than 900 species of Tardigrade or Water Bear, pictured. They're found everywhere in the world, from the highest mountains to the deepest oceans. Boil the 1mm creatures, freeze them, dry them, expose them to radiation and they're so resilient they'll still be alive 200 years later.
Their habitat includes both land and sea ice. Often polar bears live on ice and drift from one area to another. Massive areas break off and shift locations, sometimes putting mother and cubs in danger. In fact baby polar bears can become stranded when blocks drift far apart since cubs cannot swim long distances.