Or, for a medical example, suppose smoking multiplies the risk of lung cancer by some number R: then the Wald test can be used to test whether R = 1 (i.e. there is no effect of smoking) or is greater (or less) than 1 (i.e. smoking alters risk).
There are more than 900 species of Tardigrade or Water Bear, pictured. They're found everywhere in the world, from the highest mountains to the deepest oceans. Boil the 1mm creatures, freeze them, dry them, expose them to radiation and they're so resilient they'll still be alive 200 years later.
Polar bears live at the top of the world. They range across the circumpolar north, crossing the boundaries of five nations: Canada, Russia, the United States (Alaska), Denmark (Greenland) and Norway.More than 60% of all polar bears live primarily in Canada.olar bears live at the top of the world. They range across the circumpolar north, crossing the boundaries of five nations: Canada, Russia, the United States (Alaska), Denmark (Greenland) and Norway.