Stigma and Mental Illness. Stigma has been defined as an attribute that is deeply discrediting.1 This stigmatized trait sets the bearer apart from the rest of society, bringing with it feelings of shame and isolation.
The performance of metal halide perovskite solar cells has made rapid increases in energy conversion efficiency, improving from under 4% efficiency in 2010 to a record efficiency of 22% in 2016. Because of the high absorption coefficient, a thickness of only about 500 nm is needed to absorb solar energy.
Since perovskite bandgaps are tunable and can be optimised for the solar spectrum, these cells are able to attain the ShockleyâQueisser limit radiative efficiency limit, also known as the detailed balance limit, which is about 31% under an AM1.5G solar spectrum at 1000W/m2, for a Perovskite bandgap of 1.55 eV.