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Observation: Summary. Naturalistic observation refers to collecting data without interfering with the ongoing behavior. Observation relies on information available to the senses -- sight, hearing, touch, etc. It provides information about the what of behavior, but does not reveal it underlying motivation (the why). Observational research begins with casual observation - checking out the setting and the activities that occur there. To collect valid data, it is important to distinguish between observation and inference. Systematic observation uses decision rules and operational definitions in order to reduce error.
While naturalistic observation can be useful in many cases, this method also has some potential downsides that must be considered. One of the disadvantages of naturalistic observation includes the fact that it can be difficult to determine the exact cause of a behavior and the experimenter cannot control for outside variables. Some other disadvantages of naturalistic observation: 1  People may behave differently when they know they are being watched. 2  People may try to behave in a certain way in order to conform with what they think the researchers expects to see.