A phonetic script for English created in 1847 by Isaac Pitman and Henry Ellis was used as a model for the IPA.
The Stack Data Structure in C and C++. The stack is a common data structure for representing things that need to maintained in a particular order. For instance, when a function calls another function, which in turn calls a third function, it's important that the third function return back to the second function rather than the first.
Several algorithms use a stack (separate from the usual function call stack of most programming languages) as the principle data structure with which they organize their information. These include: Graham scan, an algorithm for the convex hull of a two-dimensional system of points.