In Africa, for example, tourismâs effects on indigenous peoples have been profound, with the eviction of communities from their lands, in addition to economic dislocation, breakdown of traditional values, and environmental degradation. Pastoralism has been attacked as primitive and destructive.
The ideas of the Enlightenment undermined the authority of the monarchy and the church, and prepared the way for the revolutions of the 18th and 19th centuries. A variety of 19th-century movements, including liberalism and neo-classicism, trace their intellectual heritage back to the Enlightenment.
The Enlightenment can be divided into three stages : ( 1 ) The early Enlightenment , during the first half of the eighteenth century which showed the influence of the Scientific Revolution , ( 2 ) the high Enlightenment which began with the publication of The Spirit of the Laws mentioned below , and ends with the death of Voltaire and Rousseau , and ...