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Causation is an expression of the relationship that must be found to exist between the tortious act of the wrongdoer and the injury to the victim in order to justify compensation of the latter out of the pocket of the former..
You could test that by looking at the correlation between living in polluted areas and smoking. As Frederik said, you can infer causation, but it usually involves evidence from multiple sources, unless you can reveal a smoking gun of causation.