The atmosphere is divided vertically into four layers based on temperature: the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. Throughout the Cycles unit, we'll focus primarily on the layer in which we live-the troposphere. Troposphere. The word troposphere comes from tropein, meaning to turn or change.
For example, the conventional date 1644 marks the year in which the Qing dynasty armies replaced the preceding Ming dynasty according to the dynastic cycle. However, the Qing dynasty was established in 1636 (or even 1616, albeit under a different name), while the last Ming dynasty pretender was not deposed until 1663. This change of ruling houses was a messy and prolonged affair, and the Qing took almost twenty years to extend their control over the whole of China.
Shang Tang prayed for rain with a pure heart and compassion. (Catherine Chang/The Epoch Times). Chinaâs first dynasty, the Xia Dynasty, ruled for about 400 years, until 1675 B.C. The Shang became Chinaâs second dynasty (1675 B.C. to 1035 B.C.). Xia Jie, the last emperor of the Xia dynasty, was a well-known tyrant. He and his nobles brutally oppressed the people, built many palaces, and enjoyed a very dissolute and luxurious life. At that time, the Shang kingdom developed very quickly because of the practice of animal husbandry.