Tumor markers are not always reliable for the following reasons: 1  Most tumor markers can be made by normal cells, as well as cancer cells. 2  Tumor markers can be associated with noncancerous conditions. 3  Tumor markers are not always present in early stage cancers. 4  People with cancer may never have elevated tumor markers.
The Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) degree program requires at least two years of specific undergraduate college study followed by four academic years (or three calendar years) of professional pharmacy study. Most students enter a pharmacy degree program after completion of three or more years of college.
All pharmacists must earn a Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) from an accredited school in order to practice. Postsecondary courses in your studies will include chemistry, biology and anatomy. Most students have three years of college experience or a bachelorâs degree upon entering pharmacy school. For most programs, youâll need to take and pass the Pharmacy College Admissions Test (PCAT). Your Pharm.D. program will take four years to complete. Typical courses in year one and two include: