In peripatric speciation, a subform of allopatric speciation, new species are formed in isolated, smaller peripheral populations that are prevented from exchanging genes with the main population. It is related to the concept of a founder effect, since small populations often undergo bottlenecks.
The Eighth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution prohibits the federal government from imposing cruel and unusual punishment for federal crimes. The amendment states, Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishment inflicted.
The Constitution of the Marshall Islands, in the sixth section of its Bill of Rights (Article 2), prohibits cruel and unusual punishment, which it defines as: the death penalty; torture; inhuman and degrading treatment; and excessive fines or deprivations. United States