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One source of alkalinity is calcium carbonate (CaCO 3), which is dissolved in water flowing through geology that has limestone and/or marble. Limestone is a sedimentary rock formed by the compaction of fossilized coral, shells and bones.he ability to resist changes in pH by neutralizing acids or bases is called buffering. Alkalinity is important to aquatic organisms because it protects them against rapid changes in pH. Alkalinity is especially important in areas where acid rain is a problem.
As a result, the carbonate fraction of hardness (expressed as CaCO 3 equivalents) is chemically equivalent to the bicarbonates of alkalinity present in water (Burton Jr. and Pitt 2002) in areas where the water interacts with limestone (Timmons et al. 2002).or alkalinity values up to 30 mg/L as CaCO 3, an endpoint pH of 4.9 is recommended (APHA et al. 1998). Endpoint pH values of 4.6 and 4.3 are recommended for alkalinities from 30 to 150 and 150 to 500 mg/L as CaCO 3, respectively (APHA et al.