Limits of expressions involving the trigonometric functions can be evaluated by direct substitution --- unless division by zero is encountered. When division by zero is encountered, simplifications such as the ones presented in the Conceptual Understanding of Limits lesson can be attempted.
A short circuit is an abnormal connection between two nodes of an electric circuit intended to be at different voltages. This results in an excessive electric current limited only by the Thevenin thÃ©venin equivalent resistance of the rest of the network and potentially causes circuit, damage, overheating fire or. explosion
A few meters are now available for less than $100. Unfortunately their accuracy below a few watts is poor. These are nevertheless indicative of standby power. You can improve accuracy by adding a standard load (such as an incandescent light bulb) into the circuit; then measure the difference in power consumption. One definition of standby is the power draw of an appliance in its lowest power mode. For appliances with a power switch, we measure the power draw while the unit is off.