Kienbock's disease was described in 1910 by Kienbock and represents avascular necrosis of the carpal lunate. Kienbock's disease is most commonly observed in patients from 20 to 40 years of age and has a predilection for the right hand in persons engaging in manual labor. Most cases are unilateral.
Atrial Flutter Causes. Atrial flutter may be caused by abnormalities of the heart, by diseases of the heart, or by diseases elsewhere in the body that affect the heart. Atrial flutter may also be caused by consuming substances that change the way electrical impulses are transmitted through the heart. Atrial flutter can occur after open heart surgery. In a few people, no underlying cause is ever found. Heart diseases or abnormalities that can cause atrial flutter include the following: 1  Decreased blood flow to the heart (ischemia) due to coronary heart disease, hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis), and/or a heart attack. 2  High blood pressure (hypertension).
Atrial flutter is a milder form of atrial arrhythmia than is atrial fibrillation; the atrial rate is slower but still â300 activations/min. Often, every second beat is conducted to the ventricles, yielding a heart rate of â150 beats/min. Atrial flutter can progress to atrial fibrillation, and its causes are similar.