differences between an undergraduate and a graduate nursing degree many nurses follow the traditional educational progression of a nursing career beginning with an associate s or a bachelor s degree and ending with a master s or a ph d in some specialized type of nursing research or nursing administrationn undergraduate degree is required to become a registered nurse while a graduate degree can lead to a variety of careers including nurse practitioner certified clinical nurse specialist or nursing educator the job duties of a registered nurse rn vary according to population demographics and clinical settings
Heat treatment has long been used to reduce microbial spoilage in beer. A number of concepts such as the D value, the z value and Pasteurisation Units have been used to measure and analyse the degree of pasteurisation.
The starch and saccharification enzymes are often derived from malted cereal grains, most commonly malted barley and malted wheat. Most beer is also flavoured with hops, which add bitterness and act as a natural preservative, though other flavourings such as herbs or fruit may occasionally be included. The brewing process causes a natural carbonation effect, although forced carbonation is also used. The preparation of beer is called brewing.