In a subsequent one, we showed how to avoid 'looping' by means of functions, that act on compound data in repetitive ways (the apply family of functions). Here, we introduce the notion of function from the R programmer point of view and illustrate the range of action that functions have within the R code ('scope').
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What is the principles and techniques of auditing. PRINCIPLES OF AUDITING :-. Fundamental principles are those according to which the books of business accounts are audited. These principles can be changed according the desire of the auditor. We discuss the main principles of auditing under these headings : 1. Planning :-. It is the basic principle of auditing. The auditor should plan before starting the work.