Based on the novel by Catherine Cookson, The Black Candle from 1991 stars Cathy Sandford, Nathaniel Parker, James Gaddas, Denholm Elliott, and Sian Phillips.
Part of the Electronics glossary: In physics, charge, also known as electric charge, electrical charge, or electrostatic charge and symbolized q, is a characteristic of a unit of matter that expresses the extent to which it has more or fewer electrons than protons. In atoms, the electron carries a negative elementary or unit charge; the proton carries a positive charge.
Effective Nuclear Charge Definition. The effective nuclear charge is the net charge an electron experiences in an atom with multiple electrons. The effective nuclear charge may be approximated by the equation: Zeff = Z - S. Where Z is the atomic number and S is the number of shielding electrons.