differences between an undergraduate and a graduate nursing degree many nurses follow the traditional educational progression of a nursing career beginning with an associate s or a bachelor s degree and ending with a master s or a ph d in some specialized type of nursing research or nursing administrationn undergraduate degree is required to become a registered nurse while a graduate degree can lead to a variety of careers including nurse practitioner certified clinical nurse specialist or nursing educator the job duties of a registered nurse rn vary according to population demographics and clinical settings
Heat treatment has long been used to reduce microbial spoilage in beer. A number of concepts such as the D value, the z value and Pasteurisation Units have been used to measure and analyse the degree of pasteurisation.
Beer/ale was not about water contamination issues - most ale was locally made and not subject to the rigors of testing before consumption; it could be a bad replacement for water. Beer/ale was a carbohydrate replacement, but often stronger in alcohol than our modern brews. Regardless, alcohol kills germs only at a certain percentage, and only of a certain exposure duration. Wine and beer don't do it, even at slightly higher formulations, but vodka or whiskey might.