In peripatric speciation, a subform of allopatric speciation, new species are formed in isolated, smaller peripheral populations that are prevented from exchanging genes with the main population. It is related to the concept of a founder effect, since small populations often undergo bottlenecks.
The Eighth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution prohibits the federal government from imposing cruel and unusual punishment for federal crimes. The amendment states, Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishment inflicted.
The Eighth Amendment: Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. Cases Frances v Resweber (1947) Ingraham v Wright (1977) Harmelin v Michigan (1991) Hudson v McMillian (1992) Roper v Simmons (2005) Christopher Simmons.oting 7 to 2, the Court found a violation of the cruel and unusual punishment clause even though the inmate suffered no permanent injuries or injuries that required hospitalization.