Pain in the Big Toe. Gout is a notorious cause of sudden pain in the big toe joint, along with redness and swelling (seen here). Osteoarthritis is another culprit that causes pain and swelling. If the joint is rigid, it may be hallux rigidus, a complication of arthritis where a bone spur develops.
But to see it more clearly: scientific observation is to view  the movements, and effects of those movements, or to view any  situation, and the effect of it.   Example: I saw a fish swim though the water. So based on what I  observed, I ask questions, like, how did the fish swim though the  water.
Science is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe. In an older and closely related meaning, science also refers to this body of knowledge itself, of the type that can be rationally explained and reliably applied.his means a scientist would not ask merely What is the cause of ..., but rather What are the most significant causes of .... This is especially the case in the more macroscopic fields of science (e.g. psychology, cosmology).