It was a valued export in Silk Road trading, but the manufacturing process was kept secret. During the Tang Dynasty (618-907) and the Song Dynasty (960-1279), varieties of paper were developed for different purposes.
April 7, 2015 Written by controlguru. Like the P-Only controller, the Proportional-Integral (PI) algorithm computes and transmits a controller output (CO) signal every sample time, T, to the final control element (e.g., valve, variable speed pump).
Bode plots of PI controller (left) shows the closed-loop gain of three systems. Low phase margin in the open loop (right) correlates to closed-loop peaking (left). The oscilloscope graphs of the Bode plots illustrate how peaking in the closed-loop gain correlates to excessive overshoot.