Give an example of a beneficial effect of mutation. Mutation often produce proteins with new or altered function that can be useful to organisms in different or changing environments. For example, mutations have helped many insects resist chemical pesticides.
Generally, HOAs are exempt from state and federal income taxes if: 1  Most of its HOA units are used by individuals as residences. 2  It's organized and operated to buy, build, manage, maintain, and care for HOA property. 3  At least 60% of its gross income for the taxable year comes from HOA membership dues, fees, or assessments.
Whether you just bought a condo or have owned one for years, youâve probably accepted the monthly homeowners association (HOA) dues at face value. But there are reasons why you shouldnât. HOA dues are money out of your pocket. They can have a huge impact on your decision to buy, or not buy, a particular condo. For example, you might have fallen in love with a condo in a big complex but decided you just canât afford the HOA dues. Also, high HOA dues can be a deterrent to future buyers, too, when you go to sell later. An HOA is made up of residents of the condo building or complex â volunteers who are busy with their jobs and families just like everyone else. It could be that no one on the HOA board has time to look for ways to reduce the monthly HOA dues. But like any budget, there could be lots of ways to reduce expenses. Hereâs how you can have a positive impact on your HOA dues. 1. Ask to see the HOA budget. As a condo owner, you have the right to review the HOA budget. Get a copy and check it over thoroughly. If you have questions, ask the HOA president or a board member. 2. Join the HOA board