Reference Groups: A reference group is any group of people that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior (Schaefer). The term reference group was coined by Herbert Hymen in 1942 in a study of social class.
Fill in the orbitals according to the number of electrons in your atom. For instance, if we want to write an electron configuration for an uncharged calcium atom, we'll begin by finding its atomic number on the periodic table.
Aside from the number of valence electrons an atom has, the energy they have (or the energy level that they are in) is the last bit of information that helps predict how an atom will react.Let's take one look at the first column of elements.he column an element is in on the periodic table will indicate how many valence electrons it has, and for now, when we count across columns, we will skip over the d-block. The row an element is in will indicate the energy level of the outer electrons.