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The existence of external benefit and external cost leads to misallocation of resources. External cost For example, when drivers are not liable for the health damage of car exhaust, drivers will equate only marginal private cost with marginal benefit. But if drivers are forced to pay for the health damage of car exhaust, their marginal cost will go up by the amount of the external cost.
Variable Costs: Variable costs are costs that change with the amount of work. Examples of variable costs are hourly labor, the cost of material, the cost of supply, fuel for bulldozer etc. Direct Costs: Direct costs are expenses that are billed directly to the project. Examples of direct costs are team travel expenses, team wages, the cost of material used in a project, costs incurred for recognition and awards materials used to construct a building.