Counter-illumination differs from countershading, which uses only pigments such as melanin to reduce the appearance of shadows. It is one of the dominant types of aquatic camouflage, along with transparency and silvering. All three methods make animals in open water resemble their environment.
Harper is a Scottish family name that has also commonly used as a given name. The name is believed to have originated in the Dalriadan region of Scotland, especially in the Lennox district, and is associated with Clan Buchanan.
In German, the title was Bundeskanzler (literally, Chancellor of the (Con)federation) in the North German Confederation and Reichskanzler (literally, Chancellor of the Realm ) from the Unification of Germany until the title Bundeskanzler was adopted again in 1949. The female form is Bundeskanzlerin.