Time Required for Exams. Doctoral students periodically take a series of exams until they complete their Ph.D. program. During the first year of Ph.D. studies, candidates typically take a comprehensive exam to gauge their knowledge in a chosen field of study.
Leg cramps are common. The cause is not known in most cases. However, some medications and diseases sometimes cause leg cramps. Regular calf stretching exercises may prevent leg cramps. Quinine tablets may be advised as a last resort if you have cramps regularly. A leg cramp is a pain that comes from a leg muscle. It is due to a muscle spasm, which is when a muscle contracts too hard. It usually occurs in a calf muscle, below and behind a knee. The small muscles of the feet are sometimes affected.
What causes calf pain? Calf pain or calf muscle pain can occur from a number of causes. Calf strain is probably the most common cause of calf pain or pain at the back of the lower leg. However there are a number of other potential causes of calf pain which we outline below. We outline the most common causes of calf pain as well as some of the less common calf injuries.