Learn all about Retrolisthesis, the back pain which is due to the displacement of vertebrae of the spine, its symptoms, causes and treatments used to get rid of it. Retrolisthesis is relatively rare but when present is associated with increased back pain.
One of the best-known chemical mediators released from cells during inflammation is histamine, which triggers vasodilation and increases vascular permeability. Stored in granules of circulating basophils and mast cells, histamine is released immediately when these cells are injured.
Activated macrophages also release proteases, neutrophil chemotatic factors; reactive oxygen species such as nitric oxide and superoxide; cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin one and eight (IL-1 and IL-8), eicosanoids, as well as growth factors.