Time Required for Exams. Doctoral students periodically take a series of exams until they complete their Ph.D. program. During the first year of Ph.D. studies, candidates typically take a comprehensive exam to gauge their knowledge in a chosen field of study.
Leg cramps are common. The cause is not known in most cases. However, some medications and diseases sometimes cause leg cramps. Regular calf stretching exercises may prevent leg cramps. Quinine tablets may be advised as a last resort if you have cramps regularly. A leg cramp is a pain that comes from a leg muscle. It is due to a muscle spasm, which is when a muscle contracts too hard. It usually occurs in a calf muscle, below and behind a knee. The small muscles of the feet are sometimes affected.
Leg cramps usually occur as a symptom or a complication to a range of causes. Following are the various disease conditions that leg cramps / spasms are associated with -. Hormonal causes: Leg cramps are fairly common during pregnancy and menopause, and are hugely due to the great alterations in the hormonal profile.holesterol reducing medications and diuretics which contribute to a loss of water and electrolytes and hormonal changes, result in severe leg cramps. Anti-hypertensive (drugs for high blood pressure), oral contraceptives and Hormone Replacement Therapy also cause leg cramps.