Give an example of a beneficial effect of mutation. Mutation often produce proteins with new or altered function that can be useful to organisms in different or changing environments. For example, mutations have helped many insects resist chemical pesticides.
Generally, HOAs are exempt from state and federal income taxes if: 1  Most of its HOA units are used by individuals as residences. 2  It's organized and operated to buy, build, manage, maintain, and care for HOA property. 3  At least 60% of its gross income for the taxable year comes from HOA membership dues, fees, or assessments.
An HOA is made up of residents of the condo building or complex â volunteers who are busy with their jobs and families just like everyone else. It could be that no one on the HOA board has time to look for ways to reduce the monthly HOA dues. But like any budget, there could be lots of ways to reduce expenses.