With the rise of the dynastic or monarchical state of Western Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the first European empires were founded; they coincided rather neatly with the reign of the new monarchs like Queen Elizabeth I or King Louis XIV.
Proteins are found in virtually every living system. They are the enzymes that are the driving force for our biological processes. They are the main components found in hair, skin, tissue and bone, and they provide the active basis for our immune response.Proteins are macromolecules (or polymers) composed of amino acids linked together by covalent peptide bonds.There are 20 different common amino acids, and they can be found in many different combinations (known as sequences) in protein molecules.roteins are found in virtually every living system. They are the enzymes that are the driving force for our biological processes. They are the main components found in hair, skin, tissue and bone, and they provide the active basis for our immune response.
A macromolecule is a very large molecule made up of smaller units called monomers. The monomers may be the same or slightly different. Macromolecules are formed by dehydration reactions in which water molecules are removed from the formation of bonds. Four main types of macromolecules control all activities. They are proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids and lipids. Their monomers are amino acids, sugars, nucleosides and glycerol and fatty acids.