The happiness which forms the utilitarian standard of what is right in conduct, is not...(one's) own happiness, but that of all concerned. As between his own happiness and that of others, utilitarianism requires him to be as strictly impartial as a disinterested and benevolent spectator.
There are various types of cost curves, all related to each other, including total and average cost curves, and marginal (for each additional unit) cost curves, which are equal to the differential of the total cost curves. At a level of Q at which the MC curve is above the average total cost or average variable cost curve, the latter curve is rising. 2  If MC is below average total cost or average variable cost, then the latter curve is falling.
As production changes, these fixed costs do not vary. The total cost is the sum of the variable and fixed cost, Total Cost Variable Cost Fixed Costï½ ï«. A simple model for the total cost is a linear model. where Q units are produced. The constant a is the cost per unit and b is the fixed costs. the fixed cost. Businesses often seek to succeed by lowering their costs. lowering the total cost function. units at all. Generally businesses seek to lower their average cost.