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Pericarditis is swelling and irritation of the pericardium, which is the sac that surrounds your heart. Pericarditis usually doesn't cause serious problems. Most people get better in 7 to 10 days. When there are problems, they may include: 1  A buildup of fluid in the pericardial sac (pericardial effusion). 2  Sudden pressure on the heart and sudden difficulty pumping enough blood (called cardiac tamponade). 3  Constrictive pericarditis, which can occur when pericarditis comes back or becomes a longer-term problem.
The cause of about half of all pericarditis cases (both acute and chronic) is unknown. Viral infections are likely the most common cause of acute pericarditis, but the virus may never be found. Pericarditis often occurs after a respiratory infection. Bacterial, fungal, and other infections also can cause pericarditis. Less often, pericarditis is caused by: Autoimmune disorders, such as lupus, scleroderma, and rheumatoid arthritis. Heart attack and heart surgery. Kidney failure, HIV/AIDS, cancer, tuberculosis, and other health problems.