The immune system can distinguish between normal, healthy cells and unhealthy cells by recognizing a variety of danger cues called danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Cells may be unhealthy because of infection or because of cellular damage caused by non-infectious agents like sunburn or cancer.he immune system can distinguish between normal, healthy cells and unhealthy cells by recognizing a variety of danger cues called danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Cells may be unhealthy because of infection or because of cellular damage caused by non-infectious agents like sunburn or cancer.
Time-weighted return. The time-weighted return (TWR) (or true time-weighted rate of return (TWRR)) is a method of calculating investment return. To apply the time-weighted return method, combine the return over sub-periods, by compounding them together, resulting in the overall period return. The rate of return over each different sub-period is weighted according to the duration of the sub-period.
Payback Period Calculator. The Payback Period is the time that it takes for a Capital Budgeting project to recover its initial cost. Usually, the project with the quickest payback is preferred. In this calculation, the Net cash flows (NCF) of the project must first be estimated. Payback period can be calculated by dividing the total investment cost by the annual net cash flow. Here is the simple online calculator to calculate the payback period by giving the initial investment amount and the annual cash flow.