The 13th century Venetians glass blowers are known to have produced reading stones made of solid glass that was put into hand-held, single lens-type frames made of horn or wood. These reading stones were similar to hand-held magnifying lenses of today.
The stronger the magnetic field, the larger the magnetosphere. Some 20,000 times stronger than Earth's magnetic field, Jupiter's magnetic field creates a magnetosphere so large it begins to avert the solar wind almost 3 million kilometers before it reaches Jupiter. The magnetosphere extends so far past Jupiter it sweeps the solar wind as far as the orbit of Saturn.
The pressure at the planet's surface is about 92 times that at Earth's sea level. The carbon dioxide atmosphere and thick clouds of sulfur dioxide create the strongest greenhouse effect in the solar system, producing surface temperatures of up to 460 Â°C (860 Â°F) across practically the entire planet.