Reflux nephropathy can also occur from swelling of the ureters after a kidney transplant or from injury to the ureter. Risk factors for reflux nephropathy include: 1  Abnormalities of the urinary tract.  Personal or family history of vesicoureteral reflux.
Diversion is an attempt to divert, or channel out, youthful offenders from the juvenile justice system (Bynum and Thompson, 1996:430). The concept of diversion is based on the theory that processing certain youth through the juvenile justice system may do more harm than good (Lundman, 1993).
These sanctions can include probation, commitment to the custody of the state's department of juvenile justice, or community-based sanctions. Diversion: A process by which a youth is channeled from the juvenile justice system. Examples are Informal Adjustment, Truancy Court, etc. Intake: The process used for every youth referred to juvenile court. Intake involves screening each youth to determine the appropriateness for release or referral to a diversionary program or agency for nonofficial or nonjudicial handling.