Reflux nephropathy can also occur from swelling of the ureters after a kidney transplant or from injury to the ureter. Risk factors for reflux nephropathy include: 1  Abnormalities of the urinary tract.  Personal or family history of vesicoureteral reflux.
Diversion is an attempt to divert, or channel out, youthful offenders from the juvenile justice system (Bynum and Thompson, 1996:430). The concept of diversion is based on the theory that processing certain youth through the juvenile justice system may do more harm than good (Lundman, 1993).
What is bowel diversion surgery? Bowel diversion surgery allows stool to safely leave the body whenâbecause of disease or injuryâthe large intestine is removed or needs time to heal. Bowel is a general term for any part of the small or large intestine.