Reflux nephropathy can also occur from swelling of the ureters after a kidney transplant or from injury to the ureter. Risk factors for reflux nephropathy include: 1  Abnormalities of the urinary tract.  Personal or family history of vesicoureteral reflux.
Diversion is an attempt to divert, or channel out, youthful offenders from the juvenile justice system (Bynum and Thompson, 1996:430). The concept of diversion is based on the theory that processing certain youth through the juvenile justice system may do more harm than good (Lundman, 1993).
Other types of diversion can be very informal and may simply involve doing a small amount of community service or making a donation to a charity. Despite their differences, what all diversion programs have in common is that they are an alternative to prosecution. The Crown recognizes that not all types of offences need to be dealt with through guilty pleas or trials, and that sometimes helping out in the community can make up for harm caused by an offence.