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A 2014 image of product shortages in Venezuela. In economics, a shortage or excess demand is a situation in which the demand for a product or service exceeds its supply in a market. It is the opposite of an excess supply (surplus).
Demand is from the consumer's perspective while supply is from the producer's. Supply in economics is defined as the producer's willingness and ability to supply a given good at various price points, holding all else constant. An increase in price will increase producer's revenues, thus they are willing to supply more; a decrease in price will reduce revenues, therefore producers will supply less.