Two systems are said to be in chemical equilibrium with each other when their chemical potentials are same. 3) Thermal equilibrium: When the system is in mechanical and chemical equilibrium and there is no spontaneous change in any of its properties, the system is said to be in thermal equilibrium.
While scientists have known for some time that genetics play a role in alcoholism and other addictions, they also understand the tendency to be dependent on alcohol is more complicated than the simple presence or absence of any one gene.
C9ORF72. This gene, discovered in 2011, is the most common genetic cause of ALS. (Its name refers to the position of an âopen reading frameâ on chromosome 9). Mutations in this gene account for between 25% and 40% of all familial ALS cases (depending on the population), and also approximately 4% to 6% of sporadic cases.