When there are few copies of an allele, the effect of genetic drift is larger, and when there are many copies the effect is smaller. In the early 20th century, vigorous debates occurred over the relative importance of natural selection versus neutral processes, including genetic drift.
In computing and telecommunication, a control character or non-printing character is a code point (a number) in a character set, that does not represent a written symbol. C0 and C1 control codes-Wikipedia. STX-Start of Text-First character of message text, and may be used to terminate the message heading. SOH-Start of Header-First character of a message header. GS-Group Separator-Can be used as delimiters to mark fields of data structures.
length is an optional parameter that specifies how many characters to extract. If this parameter is not used, SUBSTR will return everything from the start_position to the end of the string. If the start_position is specified as 0, substr treats start_position as 1, that is, as the first position in the string.