A mother who is blood type O can only pass an O allele to her son or daughter. A father who is blood type AB could pass either an A or a B allele to his son or daughter. This couple could have children of either blood type A (O from mother and A from father) or blood type B (O from mother and B from father).
At night, humans can use flashlights to spot animals that possess tapetum lucida by causing a phenomenon called eye shine.. Eye shine is the iridescent glow observed in animals when light is shone into their eyes, which floods the eye with light that is then reflected by the tapetum lucidum.
Nothing causes instant damage. (See Into the Sun for an interesting take on it) The question then comes, how much exposure will damage your eyes. The Straight Dope has a very good article on this: Can laser pointers damage your eyes? As does Scientific American: Can a pocket laser damage the eye? The big take is that (until recently) the most powerful laser pointers available would cause you to blink before it would do damage to your eyes (about 0.25s).