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The Mass Spectrometer. In order to measure the characteristics of individual molecules, a mass spectrometer converts them to ions so that they can be moved about and manipulated by external electric and magnetic fields. The three essential functions of a mass spectrometer, and the associated components, are:
How does a confocal microscope work? A laser is used to provide the excitation light (in order to get very high intensities). The laser light (blue) reflects off a dichroic mirror. From there, the laser hits two mirrors which are mounted on motors; these mirrors scan the laser across the sample.