When Shiga toxin is released from an E. coli O157:H7 bacterium, it can translocate to organs other than the digestive tract such as the kidneys and central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). This can cause hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) and/or thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) .
A strategy called dollar-cost averaging can help reduce risks surrounding an asset falling in price. The concept is straightforward - you invest a fixed amount of money in an asset once every fixed time period.
Once spent, such costs are sunk and should have no effect on future pricing decisions. The company will charge market prices whether R&D had cost one dollar or one million dollars. Therefore, the costs of R&D are considered sunk once they are retrospective and irrecoverable. At that point, they have no rational bearing on further investment decisions.