Chronic kidney disease, also called chronic kidney failure, describes the gradual loss of kidney function. Your kidneys filter wastes and excess fluids from your blood, which are then excreted in your urine.
A cognitive illusion can be defined as the viewer's knowledge and assumptions about the world, or unconscious inferences. There are three categories of cognitive illusions: ambiguous illusions, distorting illusions, and paradox, or fiction, illusions. Ambiguous illusions are images or objects that allow for the viewer to have two valid interpretations of what the object represents or what it actually is. The viewer is usually able to mentally visualize one interpretation right away and eventually the second, after some time.
However, on further examination these types of theories have great intuitive appeal in that the theories, particularly cognitive dissonance, address the pervasive human tendency to rationalize. Cognitive dissonance theory is based on three fundamental assumptions (see Figure 1). 1  Humans are sensitive to inconsistencies between actions and beliefs.  According to the theory, we all recognize, at some level, when we are acting in a way that is inconsistent with our beliefs/attitudes/opinions.