Special districts in some urban areas in which local governments have joined forces and resources, claiming responsibility for a broader range of activities, and aiming to reduce waste and duplicated efforts through a more efficient, cohesive system. One deterrent is the submission, to some extent, of local autonomy.
Cause. Malaria is caused by the protozoan parasite Plasmodium. Human malaria is caused by four different species of Plasmodium: P. falciparum, P. malariae, P. ovale and P. vivax. Humans occasionally become infected with Plasmodium species that normally infect animals, such as P. knowlesi.
Types of malaria. There are 4 types of malaria that infect humans: 1  Plasmodium vivax, abbreviated as P.v. 2  Plasmodium malariae, abbreviated as P.m.  Plasmodium ovale, abbreviated as P.o. and.