The image is the set of all points in $\mathbb{R}^4$ that you get by multiplying this matrix to points in $\mathbb{R}^5$, you can find these by checking the matrix on the standard basis. The kernel is the set of all points in $\mathbb{R}^5$ such that, multiplying this matrix with them gives the zero vector.
These seven companies alone have produced almost one-fifth (18.7 percent) of all industrial carbon released into the atmosphere since the dawn of the Industrial Revolution.
So production and consumption are the basic causes of pollution. If that is the case, then each industry / sector that belongs either to production or consumption becomes a source of pollution. Let's look at pollution sources in more detail below.