Before starting the bending operations the hydraulic pressure / water level / flow switches etc. are checked. The pipe is now heated by induction to the temp of 815 - 995 C. By pushing the pipe by push clamp the bending of the pipe is started slowly and carried out at speed of 10 - 40 mm/min. The bending operation is stopped at the specified angle of bend and predetermined arc length.
For example; 'income' is a variable that can vary between data units in a population (i.e. the people or businesses being studied may not have the same incomes) and can also vary over time for each data unit (i.e. income can go up or down). A continuous variable is a numeric variable.
1 Variable costing provides a better understanding of the effect of fixed costs on the net profits because total fixed cost for the period is shown on the income statement. 2  Various methods of controlling costs such as standard costing system and flexible budgets have close relation with the variable costing system. Tax laws of various countries require the use of absorption costing. 2  Variable costing does not assign fixed cost to units of products. 3  So the production costs cannot be truly matched with revenues.