Protein phosphorylation is a reversible post-translational modification of proteins. In eukaryotes, protein phosphorylation functions in cell signaling, gene expression, and differentiation. It is also involved in DNA replication during the cell cycle, and the mechanisms that cope with stress-induced replication blocks.
Cake Doughnut. A single glazed chocolate cake doughnut that is around 3 3/4 inches in diameter can have close to 250 calories. Depending on the recipe, some varieties -- like chocolate-frosted chocolate cake doughnuts -- can have as many as 370 calories.
Calorie Content. A typical jelly-filled doughnut has 289 calories, 16 grams of fat and 18 grams of sugar. This is 24 percent of the daily value for fat and more than half of the daily recommended limit of 25 grams of added sugar for women. Men should limit added sugar to 37.5 grams per day. Jelly doughnuts do have fewer calories than cream-filled doughnuts, which have 375 calories and 21 grams of fat, but more than the 242 calories and 14 grams of fat in a plain yeast-raised doughnut.