The first financial model to use a Markov chain was from Prasad et al. in 1974. Another was the regime-switching model of James D. Hamilton (1989), in which a Markov chain is used to model switches between periods of high volatility and low volatility of asset returns.
A molecule is a particle containing two or more atoms. If it contains only one type of atom it is called an element.
Glucose is a six-carbon sugar that is directly metabolized by cells to provide energy. The cells along your small intestine absorb glucose along with other nutrients from the food you eat. A glucose molecule is too large to pass through a cell membrane via simple diffusion.