Piperine is extracted from black pepper using dichloromethane. Aqueous hydrotropes can be used in the extraction to result in high yield and selectivity. The amount of piperine varies from 1â2% in long pepper, to 5â10% in commercial white and black peppers.
The United States Secretary of Defense is the head of the Department of Defense. The current Secretary of Defense is Chuck Hagel, who was nominated by President Barack H. Obama and approved by the US Senate on February 27, 2013.
US defence chief heads to Japan and South Korea to strengthen ties. The new US secretary of defence, James Mattis, is to reassure Japan and South Korea of Washingtonâs commitment to the security of the volatile Asia-Pacific region, despite suggestions by Donald Trump that he was ready to scale down the USâs military presence there.