The first financial model to use a Markov chain was from Prasad et al. in 1974. Another was the regime-switching model of James D. Hamilton (1989), in which a Markov chain is used to model switches between periods of high volatility and low volatility of asset returns.
A molecule is a particle containing two or more atoms. If it contains only one type of atom it is called an element.
Glycation is the result of typically covalent bonding of a protein or lipid molecule with a sugar molecule, such as fructose or glucose, without the controlling action of an enzyme. All blood sugars are reducing molecules.