(Concept 3.3) A buffer causes acidic solutions to become alkaline, and alkaline solutions to become acidic. A buffer stabilizes the pH of a solution by preventing acids or bases from dissociating. A buffer accepts hydrogen ions when they are in excess and donates hydrogen ions when they have been depleted.
Ivan IV, The Terrible, was crowned Russia's first Tsar at the age of 17. Ivan the Terrible was the fallen angel. He set up a bodyguard that has been described as Russia's first 'secret police' - the Oprichniki - as a religious brotherhood sworn to protecting God's Tsar.
In 1547, Ivan IV assumed the title of âTsar and Grand Duke of all Rus'â (Ð¦Ð°ÑÑ Ð¸ ÐÐµÐ»Ð¸ÐºÐ¸Ð¹ ÐºÐ½ÑÐ·Ñ Ð²ÑÐµÑ Ð ÑÑÐ¸) and was crowned on 16 January, thereby turning the Grand Duchy of Moscow into Tsardom of Russia, or the Great Russian Tsardom, as it was called in the coronation document, by Constantinople Patriarch Jeremiah II and in numerous official texts, but the state partly remained referred to as Moscovia (English: Muscovy) throughout Europe, predominantly in its ...