(Concept 3.3) A buffer causes acidic solutions to become alkaline, and alkaline solutions to become acidic. A buffer stabilizes the pH of a solution by preventing acids or bases from dissociating. A buffer accepts hydrogen ions when they are in excess and donates hydrogen ions when they have been depleted.
Ivan IV, The Terrible, was crowned Russia's first Tsar at the age of 17. Ivan the Terrible was the fallen angel. He set up a bodyguard that has been described as Russia's first 'secret police' - the Oprichniki - as a religious brotherhood sworn to protecting God's Tsar.
Though Aleksey was not a man of superior strength of character, he was still quite progressive. His last years were more or less tranquil. In 1675 Aleksey announced his son Fyodor as the heir to the throne, which the young man gladly accepted. In January 1676 Fyodor became the Tsar, thus continuing the Romanov Dynasty.