(Concept 3.3) A buffer causes acidic solutions to become alkaline, and alkaline solutions to become acidic. A buffer stabilizes the pH of a solution by preventing acids or bases from dissociating. A buffer accepts hydrogen ions when they are in excess and donates hydrogen ions when they have been depleted.
Ivan IV, The Terrible, was crowned Russia's first Tsar at the age of 17. Ivan the Terrible was the fallen angel. He set up a bodyguard that has been described as Russia's first 'secret police' - the Oprichniki - as a religious brotherhood sworn to protecting God's Tsar.
Mikhail Romanov and his father, the patriatch Philaret, distribute alms, in an illustration of the first Romanov coronation by Matevev, 1613When Tsar Ivan the Terrible died in 1584 he was succeeded by Fyodor, the elder of his two surviving sons (he had killed his eldest son in a fit of rage).