Opioids are substances that act on the nervous system in a similar way to opiates such as morphine and codeine. In a medical context the term usually indicates medications that are artificially made rather than extracted from opium.any of the alkaloids and other derivatives of the opium poppy are not opioids or narcotics; the best example is the smooth-muscle relaxant papaverine. Noscapine is a marginal case as it does have CNS effects but not necessarily similar to morphine, and it is probably in a category all its own.
Modified radical mastectomy This type of mastectomy is usually done to treat invasive cancer that has spread to the lymph nodes. During the mastectomy the breast tissue and a strip of skin with the nipple is removed.
remove a part of the intestine (bowel) that is diseased. The name of the procedure depends on what section of the intestine is removed. Right hemicolectomy is the removal of the ascending (right) colon. Left hemicolectomy is the removal of the descending (left) colon. Sigmoidectomy is the removal of the lower part of the colon which is connected to the rectum. Low anterior resection is the removal of the upper part of the rectum. Segmental resection is the removal of only a short piece of the colon. Abdominal perineal resection is the removal of the sigmoid colon, rectum and anus and construction of a permanent colostomy. Total colectomy is when the entire colon is removed and the small intestine is connected to the rectum. Total proctocolectomy is the removal of the rectum and all or part of the colon.