(Concept 3.3) A buffer causes acidic solutions to become alkaline, and alkaline solutions to become acidic. A buffer stabilizes the pH of a solution by preventing acids or bases from dissociating. A buffer accepts hydrogen ions when they are in excess and donates hydrogen ions when they have been depleted.
Ivan IV, The Terrible, was crowned Russia's first Tsar at the age of 17. Ivan the Terrible was the fallen angel. He set up a bodyguard that has been described as Russia's first 'secret police' - the Oprichniki - as a religious brotherhood sworn to protecting God's Tsar.
Nicholas II | 10 Facts About The Last Emperor of Russia Nicholas II was the Tsar of Russia from 1894 to 1917. He had an eventful reign which started with the Khodynka Tragedy and ended with the February Revolution. Here are 10 interesting facts about the last Emperor of Russia whose downfall brought an end to three centuries long reign of Romanov Dynasty.