Piperine is extracted from black pepper using dichloromethane. Aqueous hydrotropes can be used in the extraction to result in high yield and selectivity. The amount of piperine varies from 1â2% in long pepper, to 5â10% in commercial white and black peppers.
The United States Secretary of Defense is the head of the Department of Defense. The current Secretary of Defense is Chuck Hagel, who was nominated by President Barack H. Obama and approved by the US Senate on February 27, 2013.
Mr. Fanning has been the acting under secretary of the Army as the current secretary, John McHugh, prepares to leave his post. Mr. Fanningâs Defense Department jobs have spanned the services: He has served as Air Force under secretary, deputy under secretary of the Navy and deputy chief management officer of the Navy.