(Concept 3.3) A buffer causes acidic solutions to become alkaline, and alkaline solutions to become acidic. A buffer stabilizes the pH of a solution by preventing acids or bases from dissociating. A buffer accepts hydrogen ions when they are in excess and donates hydrogen ions when they have been depleted.
Ivan IV, The Terrible, was crowned Russia's first Tsar at the age of 17. Ivan the Terrible was the fallen angel. He set up a bodyguard that has been described as Russia's first 'secret police' - the Oprichniki - as a religious brotherhood sworn to protecting God's Tsar.
Empress Alexandra Feodorovna with Vera Gedroitz, 1915 The tsarevich Alexei was born during the height of the Russo-Japanese War on 12 August 1904. He was heir apparent to the throne of Russia, and Alexandra had fulfilled her most important role as tsarina by bearing a male child.