(Concept 3.3) A buffer causes acidic solutions to become alkaline, and alkaline solutions to become acidic. A buffer stabilizes the pH of a solution by preventing acids or bases from dissociating. A buffer accepts hydrogen ions when they are in excess and donates hydrogen ions when they have been depleted.
Ivan IV, The Terrible, was crowned Russia's first Tsar at the age of 17. Ivan the Terrible was the fallen angel. He set up a bodyguard that has been described as Russia's first 'secret police' - the Oprichniki - as a religious brotherhood sworn to protecting God's Tsar.
Nicholas II of Russia (May 18, 1868 â July 17, 1918) (Russian: Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð»Ð°ÌÐ¹ II, Nikolay II) was the last tsar of Russia, the King of Poland, and Grand Duke of Finland. He ruled from 1894 until his forced abdication in 1917. Nicholas proved unable to manage a country in political turmoil and to command its army during World War I.