I n a not so distant past, beer was brewed with an extended and varied array of botanical ingredients. Herbs, roots and spices where used by our European ancestors in order to give their beers distinct tastes, flavours and properties. These botanicals where sometimes referred to as Gruit, hence Gruit Ale.
Vygotskyâs theory is called a socio-cultural theory of cognitive development. He believed that children, in different cultures, learn ways of thinking that are necessary to live in their own culture and community. Children in different cultures develop unique cognitive strengths.
In studying the cognitive development of children and adolescents, Piaget identified four major stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational. Piaget believed all children pass through these phases to advance to the next level of cognitive development. In each stage, children demonstrate new intellectual abilities and increasingly complex understanding of the world. Stages cannot be skipped; intellectual development always follows this sequence.