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About the time of birth in mammals, a secondary ossification center appears in each end (epiphysis) of long bones. Periosteal buds carry mesenchyme and blood vessels in and the process is similar to that occurring in a primary ossification center.
The axis develops from five primary ossification centers: two vertically oriented odontoid centers, two neural arches, and one centrum (Figs. 2A and 2B). The two odontoid centers usually fuse before birth. The neural arches fuse posteriorly by 3 years old, and they fuse to the odontoid and centrum at between 3 and 6 years of age.