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The main reason for elevations of glucose in the urine is, not surprisingly, diabetes mellitus. This disease causes such overwhelming hyperglycemia that the kidney's capacity to reabsorb the filtered glucose (a maximum of about 180 mg/dL) is breached, leading to glucose excretion in the urine.
The normal fasting value for blood glucose in dogs is between 75 and 120 mg per deciliter. The renal threshold for glucose is 180 mg per deciliter, according to the Merck Veterinary Manual. This means that once the blood glucose levels are over 180 mg per deciliter, the excess glucose is passed in the urine.