A new volcanic arc forms at the site of the easternmost transform, and many complications develop in SE Asia (Philippines, etc.) because of transforms turning into arcs, and various subduction-flips as thick (plateau-type) ocean crust refuses to subduct. A new subduction zone develops north of Australia.
Some of the causes of the European voyages of exploration were: 1  Alternate trade routes: Europe was dependent on Middle East countries for the import of spices and was looking for alternate trade routes to Asia and Africa to obtain spices (ginger, nutmeg, clove, cinnamon, etc.) and luxury goods (silk, gold, ivory, etc.) cheaply.
Effects of the Crusades. 1  Interesting Facts and information about Effects of the Crusades in the Middle Ages. 2  Effects of the Crusades on the Catholic Church. 3  Political Effects of the Crusades. 4  Social Effects of the Crusades. 5  Intellectual Development. 6  Effects of the Crusades - Material Development. 7  Effects of the Crusades - Voyages of Discovery.