The âtransformationâ of straight pipe to bent pipe takes place in the heated narrow annular zone which moves continuously along the length of the bend as the bending process advances (Figure 1). The heating of this zone is effected by means of an induction ring (Figure 2).
Budget at Completion (BAC) is the total budget allocated to the project. BAC is generally plotted over time. For example, periods of reporting (Monthly, Weekly, etc.) BAC is used to compute the Estimate at Completion (EAC), explained in the next section. BAC is also used to compute the TCPI and TSPI. BAC is calculated using the following formula:
The Average Variable Cost (AVC) is the total variable cost per unit of output. This is found by dividing Total Variable Cost (TVC) by total output (Q). Total Variable Cost (TVC) is all the costs that vary with output, such as materials and labor.t ten units, the AVC is $7/unit. At an output of 25, the AVC is $4/unit. If we were given the TVC function below, we could use that formula to also express the AVC and then evaluate the average variable cost at varying output levels.