The âtransformationâ of straight pipe to bent pipe takes place in the heated narrow annular zone which moves continuously along the length of the bend as the bending process advances (Figure 1). The heating of this zone is effected by means of an induction ring (Figure 2).
Budget at completion (BAC): The total planned value (PV or BCWS) at the end of the project. If a project has a Management Reserve (MR), it is typically not included in the BAC, and respectively, in the Performance Measurement Baseline.
The Average Variable Cost (AVC) is the total variable cost per unit of output. This is found by dividing Total Variable Cost (TVC) by total output (Q). Total Variable Cost (TVC) is all the costs that vary with output, such as materials and labor.t ten units, the AVC is $7/unit. At an output of 25, the AVC is $4/unit. If we were given the TVC function below, we could use that formula to also express the AVC and then evaluate the average variable cost at varying output levels.