The âtransformationâ of straight pipe to bent pipe takes place in the heated narrow annular zone which moves continuously along the length of the bend as the bending process advances (Figure 1). The heating of this zone is effected by means of an induction ring (Figure 2).
Budget at Completion (BAC) is the total budget allocated to the project. BAC is generally plotted over time. For example, periods of reporting (Monthly, Weekly, etc.) BAC is used to compute the Estimate at Completion (EAC), explained in the next section. BAC is also used to compute the TCPI and TSPI. BAC is calculated using the following formula:
Rabina Sherchan. Average Variable Cost (AVC) is defined as total variable cost divided by the number of units of output. Average variable cost helps to provide a measure of variable costs on a per unit basis. The formula can be represented as Total Variable Cost divided by the output. AVC=TVC/output.