Jump to Navigation. shadow zone The shadow zone is the area of the earth from angular distances of 104 to 140 degrees from a given earthquake that does not receive any direct P waves. The shadow zone results from S waves being stopped entirely by the liquid core and P waves being bent (refracted) by the liquid core.
The two primary sources of the subject-matter jurisdiction of the federal courts are diversity jurisdiction and federal question jurisdiction. Diversity jurisdiction generally permits individuals to bring claims in federal court where the claim exceeds $75,000 and the parties are citizens of different states.
Expert witnesses may be subpoenaed (issued with a witness summons), although this is normally a formality to avoid court date clashes. In the United States, under the Federal Rule of Evidence 702 (FRE), an expert witness must be qualified on the topic of testimony.