Though all gandy dancers sang railroad songs, it may be that southern African American gandy dancers, with a long tradition of using song to coordinate work, were unique in their use of task-related work chants.
The role of the management information system (MIS) manager is to focus on the organization's information and technology systems. The MIS manager typically analyzes business problems and then designs and maintains computer applications to solve the organization's problems.
In an environment where circumstances change in a matter of hours and not weeks, it is important that a manager is prepared to make and implement important decisions. This is not to say that managers should act without the influence of upper management, but they should be able to make short term decisions and act when needed.