Jump to Navigation. shadow zone The shadow zone is the area of the earth from angular distances of 104 to 140 degrees from a given earthquake that does not receive any direct P waves. The shadow zone results from S waves being stopped entirely by the liquid core and P waves being bent (refracted) by the liquid core.
The two primary sources of the subject-matter jurisdiction of the federal courts are diversity jurisdiction and federal question jurisdiction. Diversity jurisdiction generally permits individuals to bring claims in federal court where the claim exceeds $75,000 and the parties are citizens of different states.
challenge. 1  a demand for identification: a sentry gave the challenge. 2  a calling into question; a demanding of proof, explanation, etc.: a challenge of the premises of an argument. 3  a call or dare to take part in a duel, contest, etc. 4  anything, as a demanding task, that calls for special effort or dedication.