As groundwater flows through the ground, metals such as iron and manganese are dissolved and may later be found in high concentrations in the water. Industrial discharges, urban activities, agriculture, ground-water pumpage, and disposal of waste all can affect ground-water quality.
Cost-benefit analysis is a relatively straightforward tool for deciding whether to pursue a project. To use the tool, first list all the anticipated costs associated with the project, and then estimate the benefits that you'll receive from it.
Ablestock.com/AbleStock.com/Getty Images. A cost function is an economic function used in manufacturing to aid in making production line decisions. The cost function covers the cost of producing an item, taking into account both the fixed costs of the production as well as the variable cost per unit. To calculate a cost function then requires complete knowledge of the inputs into production for accuracy.