As groundwater flows through the ground, metals such as iron and manganese are dissolved and may later be found in high concentrations in the water. Industrial discharges, urban activities, agriculture, ground-water pumpage, and disposal of waste all can affect ground-water quality.
Cost-benefit analysis is a relatively straightforward tool for deciding whether to pursue a project. To use the tool, first list all the anticipated costs associated with the project, and then estimate the benefits that you'll receive from it.
The most simple form of cost variance analysis is to subtract the budgeted or standard cost from the actual incurred cost, and reporting on the reasons for the difference. A more refined approach is to split this difference into two elements: 1  Price variance. 2  That portion of the variance caused by a difference between the actual and expected price of the goods or services acquired. 3  Volume variance. 4  That portion of the variance caused by any change in the volume of goods or services ordered.