Understanding Vivarium Substrates. By A. C. Highfield. Libyan tortoise-this tortoise requires a sandy, dry substrate. If maintained on grass or upon a moist substrate it will suffer shell and respiratory infections.Along with heating and lighting systems, the choice of substrate in tortoise vivaria and terraria often causes a great deal of confusion to keepers.Some substrates are excellent, others positively lethal.nderstanding Vivarium Substrates. By A. C. Highfield. Libyan tortoise-this tortoise requires a sandy, dry substrate. If maintained on grass or upon a moist substrate it will suffer shell and respiratory infections.
In their general structure, heterocyclic compounds resemble cyclic organic compounds that incorporate only carbon atoms in the ringsâfor example, cyclopropane (with a three-carbon-atom ring) or benzene (with a six-carbon-atom ring)âbut the presence of the heteroatoms gives heterocyclic compounds physical and chemical properties that are often quite ...
FORMULAS AND NOMENCLATURE OF IONIC AND COVALENT COMPOUNDS. Adapted from McMurry/Fay, section 2.10, p. 56 -63 and the 1411 Lab Manual, p. 27 -31. TYPES OF COMPOUNDS. Ionic compounds are compounds composed of ions, charged particles that form when an atom. (or group of atoms) gains or loses electrons. (A cation is a positively charged ion; an anion is a. negatively charged ion.) Covalent ormolecular compounds form when elementsshare. electrons in a covalent bond to form molecules.