This theme focuses on the interactions between nations that affected North American history in the colonial period, and on the influence of the United States on world affairs.
In the model-based lifetime projections, the risk of ESRD was highest among persons in the youngest age group, particularly among young blacks. The 15-year observed risks after donation among kidney donors in the United States were 3.5 to 5.3 times as high as the projected risks in the absence of donation.
Dialysis may be required for renal failure. In one case series, neonates with ESRD before 28 days of age had 1-year survival of 52% and 5-year survival of 48% with peritoneal dialysis. With less severe childhood disease, edema often is a problem and is managed with sodium restriction and loop diuretics.