The âtransformationâ of straight pipe to bent pipe takes place in the heated narrow annular zone which moves continuously along the length of the bend as the bending process advances (Figure 1). The heating of this zone is effected by means of an induction ring (Figure 2).
Budget at completion (BAC): The total planned value (PV or BCWS) at the end of the project. If a project has a Management Reserve (MR), it is typically not included in the BAC, and respectively, in the Performance Measurement Baseline.
Rabina Sherchan. Average Variable Cost (AVC) is defined as total variable cost divided by the number of units of output. Average variable cost helps to provide a measure of variable costs on a per unit basis. The formula can be represented as Total Variable Cost divided by the output. AVC=TVC/output.