A new volcanic arc forms at the site of the easternmost transform, and many complications develop in SE Asia (Philippines, etc.) because of transforms turning into arcs, and various subduction-flips as thick (plateau-type) ocean crust refuses to subduct. A new subduction zone develops north of Australia.
Some of the causes of the European voyages of exploration were: 1  Alternate trade routes: Europe was dependent on Middle East countries for the import of spices and was looking for alternate trade routes to Asia and Africa to obtain spices (ginger, nutmeg, clove, cinnamon, etc.) and luxury goods (silk, gold, ivory, etc.) cheaply.
open pit mining and mountaintop removal because metal particles are released into the atmosphere What are some social impacts of mining? property damage cause by mountaintop removal or mine collapse along with sinkholes; conflicts can arise over mineral rights; hazardous to the lives of the miners; more conflict comes about because it is destructive to the land and water resources that agricultural communities rely on