Scientists are studying bats and their use of echolocation to learn more about how bats process information to understand and adapt to the world around them. Echoes of hunting They detect and catch their targets through echolocation, or biosonar, the animal equivalent--and precursor--to man-made sonars. How to see what whales hear: biomedical imaging reveals new insights into marine mammal ears
The faster repolarization of the cardiac action potential causes the tenting of the T waves, and the inactivation of sodium channels causes a sluggish conduction of the electrical wave around the heart, which leads to smaller P waves and widening of the QRS complex.
(2) Elevated lactate in septic shock is mostly due to stimulation of beta-2 adrenergic receptors. Lactate elevation in sepsis seems to be due to endogenous epinephrine stimulating beta-2 receptors (figure below). Particularly in skeletal muscle cells, this stimulation up-regulates glycolysis, generating more pyruvate than can be used by the cell's mitochondria via the TCA cycle.