High PTH levels may be caused by: 1  A parathyroid gland growth (hyperplasia) or a parathyroid tumor. 2  A low level of calcium in the blood. A low blood calcium level can be caused by kidney disease, kidney failure, severe vitamin D deficiency, or an inability of the intestines to absorb calcium from food.
The equity multiplier is a financial leverage ratio that measures the amount of a firmâs assets that are financed by its shareholders by comparing total assets with total shareholderâs equity. In other words, the equity multiplier shows the percentage of assets that are financed or owed by the shareholders.
A. Introduction. The âfiscal multiplierâ (often referred to as just the âmultiplierâ) is simply the ratio of how much aggregate GDP will increase for a unit increase of fiscal spending. Hence if fiscal spending increases by say $100 and aggregate GDP increases by $200 in response, the multiplier is equal to 2.