We get the word 'allegory' from the Latin word 'allegoria ,' taken from the Greek word for 'veiled language.' Think of an allegory as an umbrella term for stories with deeper meaning-stories that are more than stories. Some allegories are very heavily veiled and might require an English professor to explain them to you.
A neutral phosphorus atom has 15 electrons. Two electrons can go into the 1 s subshell, 2 can go into the 2 s subshell, and 6 can go into the 2 p subshell. That leaves 5 electrons. Of those 5 electrons, 2 can go into the 3 s subshell, and the remaining 3 electrons can go into the 3 p subshell.
Sodium has 11 electrons 2 in its its first orbital (1s2) 6 in the second(2p6) and 1 in the outer orbital (2s1) But Sodium is not stable with one lone electron spinning around, so it will always give it up whenever possible, hence it will always be one electron short- giving the element a positive charge.