Bottlenecks, i.e. local reductions of capacity, are one of the most relevant scenarios of traffic systems. The asymmetric simple exclusion process (ASEP) with a defect is a minimal model for such a bottleneck scenario. One crucial question is âWhat is the critical strength of the defect that is required to create global effects, i.e. traffic jams localised at the defect positionâ.
An analysis of variation in five selected states in average total maternal care costs for women with employer-provided Commercial insurance in 2010 found a large spread: In Louisiana, maternal payments were $10,318 for vaginal births and $13,943 for cesarean births.
The average cost of a hospital delivery in America is $9,775, the highest in the world. In France, delivery costs $3,541, and in the UK it is just $2,641. Many industrialized countries offer flat fees for prenatal care and delivery, but in America, there is a separate charge for everything from a blood test to removing the placenta.