If you specify a negative scale, Oracle Database rounds the actual data to the specified number of places to the left of the decimal point. For example, specifying (7,-2) means Oracle Database rounds to the nearest hundredths, as shown in Table 26-1.
McCann (2000) found that households in communities with good transit use save an average of about $3,000 annually on transportation costs. Litman (2004) found annual transportation cost savings of about $1,300 per household in cities with well-established rail transit systems compared with cities that lack rail.
1 Metro systems cost less than LRT systems per vehicle revenue mile, $6.5; the most per vehicle revenue hour, $152; and the least per thousand place mile and thousand passenger mile, $49.2 and $282, respectively. 2  Buses have the lowest average line capacity per hour, 3,800 to 7,200. Compared with LRT systems, bus rapid transit is associated with greater land-acquisition costs ($3.018 million per mile, versus $1.52 million). 2  In addition, dedicated BRT guideways average $6.459 million per mile versus $4.289 million for light rail.