If you specify a negative scale, Oracle Database rounds the actual data to the specified number of places to the left of the decimal point. For example, specifying (7,-2) means Oracle Database rounds to the nearest hundredths, as shown in Table 26-1.
McCann (2000) found that households in communities with good transit use save an average of about $3,000 annually on transportation costs. Litman (2004) found annual transportation cost savings of about $1,300 per household in cities with well-established rail transit systems compared with cities that lack rail.
Chart 3 description: Chart 3 shows the subcomponent shares of the transportation costs such as intercity truck (50%), local truck (27%), railroad (6%), logistics administration (6%), water (4%), air (4%), oil pipelines (1%), forwarders (1%), and shipper-related costs (1%).he latest available estimates of logistics costs from CASS are those for the year 2002. Table 2, based on data from the 14th edition of the CASS Annual State of Logistic Reports, shows that the total logistics costs were $910 billion in 2002, equivalent to 8.7% of the U.S. gross domestic product in the same year.