Laser lithotripsy. Laser lithotripsy is a surgical procedure to remove stones from urinary tract, i.e., kidney, ureter, bladder, or urethra.
HIV-1 is surprisingly old, and it probably debuted in humans at least three separate times -- one for each subtype, M, N, and O. Scientists' best guess is that the precursor of the most common M virus jumped from the Cameroon chimps to humans sometime before 1931.art One: Chapter Four Scientific Breakthroughs. HIV-1, which is responsible for the vast majority of AIDS cases worldwide, is divided into three groups -- the major group M, and the much rarer outlier group O and new group N -- that have diverged over years of mutation and evolution.
HIV does not cause AIDS. The world was created in 4004 BCE. Smoking does not cause cancer. And if climate change is happening, it is nothing to do with man-made CO 2 emissions. Few, if any, of the readers of this journal will believe any of these statements. Yet each can be found easily in the mass media.