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What causes ocean currents? Ocean currents result from two processes - the action of wind on the surface of the water, and from variation in water temperature that causes movement- a process known as convection. Convection occurs because the oceanic waters heat up becoming less dense. This water moves above the cooler water, and give off its heat to the surrounding environment. As it cools, it begins to sink, and the process begins again. Convection results in the continual circulation of ocean water on a global scale.
In addition to surface ocean currents, there are also currents deep below the surface. Sub surface currents flow thousands of meters below the surface, and are driven by another mechanism: changes in the density of ocean water as it travels between the warm equator and the chilly polar regions of Earth. Warm water, as it nears the poles, becomes cooler and denser and sinks.