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The phi X 174 (or ÏX174) bacteriophage was the first DNA-based genome to be sequenced.This work was completed by Fred Sanger and his team in 1977. In 1962, Walter Fiers and Robert Sinsheimer had already demonstrated the physical, covalently closed circularity of ÏX174 DNA.n 2003, it was reported by Craig Venter's group that the genome of ÏX174 was the first to be completely assembled in vitro from synthesized oligonucleotides. The ÏX174 virus particle has also been successfully assembled in vitro.
Figure 1. Electron micrograph of the anthrax causing bacteria, Bacillus anthracis. Anthrax toxin is a three-protein exotoxin secreted by virulent strains of the bacterium, Bacillus anthracis âthe causative agent of anthrax.The toxin was first discovered by Harry Smith in 1954.Anthrax toxin is composed of a cell-binding protein, known as protective antigen (PA), and two enzyme components, called edema factor (EF) and lethal factor (LF). These three protein components act together to impart their physiological effects.nterestingly, each individual anthrax toxin protein is, in fact, nontoxic. Toxic symptoms are not observed when these proteins are injected individually into laboratory animals. However, the co-injection of PA and EF causes edema, and the co-injection of PA and LF is lethal.