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The first school of thought, structuralism, was advocated by the founder of the first psychology lab, Wilhelm Wundt. Almost immediately, other theories began to emerge and vie for dominance in psychology.
However, in the sense that I took your question to be meant, When did people first begin thinking about economics in a conscientious, organized fashion with an eye towards improving business practices, then I would have to say that the Greek philosophers began the trend, as they did so many of the political trends in western thought.