Laser lithotripsy. Laser lithotripsy is a surgical procedure to remove stones from urinary tract, i.e., kidney, ureter, bladder, or urethra.
HIV-1 is surprisingly old, and it probably debuted in humans at least three separate times -- one for each subtype, M, N, and O. Scientists' best guess is that the precursor of the most common M virus jumped from the Cameroon chimps to humans sometime before 1931.art One: Chapter Four Scientific Breakthroughs. HIV-1, which is responsible for the vast majority of AIDS cases worldwide, is divided into three groups -- the major group M, and the much rarer outlier group O and new group N -- that have diverged over years of mutation and evolution.
Dr. David Ho and colleagues from the Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center in New York told a conference they traced the very first case of HIV infection to a man living in what was then the Belgian Congo in 1959.