The two principal gonadotropins in vertebrates are luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), although primates produce a third gonadotropin called chorionic gonadotropin (CG). LH and FSH are heterodimers consisting of two peptide chains, an alpha chain and a beta chain.H and FSH are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, while hCG and eCG are secreted by the placenta in pregnant humans and mares, respectively. The gonadotropins act on the gonads, controlling gamete and sex hormone production.
Anything that can bring about a mutation in DNA is called a mutagen. Most mutagens fall into one of two categories: They are either a form of energy or a chemical. In addition to X rays, other forms of radiation that can cause mutagens include ultraviolet radiation, gamma rays, and ionizing radiation.
Most of the mutations are not harmful because they are not transcribed to the genes due to a mechanism called DNA repair mechanism. The causes of mutations are so many, but there are tow types of the causes 1- Spontaneous mutations caused by mutagens. 2- Induced mutations caused by radiation, some chemicals.nswers. Best Answer: At the nucleotide level (point mutations): - Substitutions-Insertions-Deletions-Frameshifts This site explains these using illustrations better than I can here: http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/ev...