Macaulay gave two alternative measures: 1  Expression (1) is FisherâWeil duration which uses zero-coupon bond prices as discount factors, and. 2  Expression (3) which uses the bond's yield to maturity to calculate discount factors.
An electronic oscillator is an electronic circuit that produces a periodic, oscillating electronic signal, often a sine wave or a square wave.Oscillators convert direct current (DC) from a power supply to an alternating current signal. They are widely used in many electronic devices.he most common form of linear oscillator is an electronic amplifier such as a transistor or op amp connected in a feedback loop with its output fed back into its input through a frequency selective electronic filter to provide positive feedback.
The oscilloscope can be adjusted so that repetitive signals can be observed as a continuous shape on the screen. A storage oscilloscope allows single events to be captured by the instrument and displayed for a relatively long time, allowing observation of events too fast to be directly perceptible.andwidth in Hz x rise time in seconds = 0.35. For example, an oscilloscope intended to resolve pulses with a rise time of 1 nanosecond would have a bandwidth of 350 MHz. In analog instruments, the bandwidth of the oscilloscope is limited by the vertical amplifiers and the CRT or other display subsystem.