Many of the methods used in participatory research are drawn from mainstream disciplines and conventional research itself involves varying degrees of participation. The key difference between participatory and conventional methodologies lies in the location of power in the research process.
Symptoms of botulism usually start around 7-10 days after contamination. The botulinum toxins block the action of the nerves on the muscles. As a result, the first signs of botulism are muscle weakness and poor co-ordination. In the early stages the horse has muscle tremors.
Without treatment, people with botulism may go on to develop paralysis of the arms, legs, trunk, and the muscles used for breathing. When botulism is caused by contaminated food, symptoms usually appear within 18 to 36 hours. However, they can start as soon as six hours later â or as long as 10 days later.