Listen over the apex. Have the patient quantify the chest pain on a 10-point scale. Massage the right carotid artery (to slow the sinus node). When you hear the heart slow, ask the patient to rate the pain again. A significant decrease in pain with massage is a positive test for angina pectoris.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Echinocyte (from the Greek word echinos, meaning 'hedgehog' or 'sea urchin'), in human biology and medicine, refers to a form of red blood cell that has an abnormal cell membrane characterized by many small, evenly spaced thorny projections.A more common term for these cells is burr cells.chinocytes, like acanthocytes, may be found in hyperlipidemia caused by liver dysfunction, but the lipids themselves do not integrate into the membrane. Instead, it is speculated that cell surface receptors on the red blood cells bind with HDL cholesterol which induces the shape change.
White blood cells (WBCs), also called leukocytes or leucocytes, are the cells of the immune system that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders.All leukocytes are produced and derived from a multipotent cell in the bone marrow known as a hematopoietic stem cell.n the proliferative disorders there is an increase in the number of white blood cells. This increase is commonly reactive (ex. due to infection) but may also be cancerous. In leukopenias there is a decrease in the number of white blood cells.