Macaulay gave two alternative measures: 1  Expression (1) is FisherâWeil duration which uses zero-coupon bond prices as discount factors, and. 2  Expression (3) which uses the bond's yield to maturity to calculate discount factors.
An electronic oscillator is an electronic circuit that produces a periodic, oscillating electronic signal, often a sine wave or a square wave.Oscillators convert direct current (DC) from a power supply to an alternating current signal. They are widely used in many electronic devices.he most common form of linear oscillator is an electronic amplifier such as a transistor or op amp connected in a feedback loop with its output fed back into its input through a frequency selective electronic filter to provide positive feedback.
An oscilloscope is a laboratory instrument commonly used to display and analyze the waveform of electronic signals.irtually all oscilloscopes have adjustable horizontal sweep and vertical deflection settings. The illustration shows two common waveforms as they might appear when displayed on an oscilloscope screen. The signal on the top is a sine wave; the signal on the bottom is a ramp wave.