Many of the methods used in participatory research are drawn from mainstream disciplines and conventional research itself involves varying degrees of participation. The key difference between participatory and conventional methodologies lies in the location of power in the research process.
Symptoms of botulism usually start around 7-10 days after contamination. The botulinum toxins block the action of the nerves on the muscles. As a result, the first signs of botulism are muscle weakness and poor co-ordination. In the early stages the horse has muscle tremors.
Urticaria is common in horses; however, there is no diagnostic test for it. Diagnosing hives is not difficult but figuring out what the offending agent or agents are can be a real challenge! 1  Visual swellings: bumps, welts, rash or wheals. 2  Itching (but not always)  Rubbing on fences, trees, gates, etc.