Macaulay gave two alternative measures: 1  Expression (1) is FisherâWeil duration which uses zero-coupon bond prices as discount factors, and. 2  Expression (3) which uses the bond's yield to maturity to calculate discount factors.
An electronic oscillator is an electronic circuit that produces a periodic, oscillating electronic signal, often a sine wave or a square wave.Oscillators convert direct current (DC) from a power supply to an alternating current signal. They are widely used in many electronic devices.he most common form of linear oscillator is an electronic amplifier such as a transistor or op amp connected in a feedback loop with its output fed back into its input through a frequency selective electronic filter to provide positive feedback.
If you're learning electronics, knowing how to use an oscilloscope will help you in building and repairing circuits. The oscilloscope's AC and DC coupling options let you examine different kinds of electrical signals conveniently.