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Therefore, a large left-to-right shunt through a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) results in left atrial and left ventricular enlargement. The pulmonary veins and the ascending aorta can also be dilated with a sufficiently large patent ductus arteriosus (PDA).
Most pediatric patients with hydrocephalus are treated with ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt placement. However, shunt malfunction is common and is usually caused by mechanical failure. Shunt obstructions may be confirmed with radioisotope examination or with fluoroscopically guided injection of iodinated contrast material into the shunt reservoir.