Peter Townsend: Poverty = low income. One attempt to develop a relative definition of poverty is that of Townsend. Townsend & Abel Smith (1965) , The Poor and the Poorest. Their claim was that anyone with an income below 140% of a household's entitlement to National Assistance was living in poverty.heckpoints. 1  There is no objective definition of poverty. 2  The choice of definition is related to the values of the researcher. 3  So, academics and politicians influenced by market liberal theories tend to use absolute definitions. 4  Researchers in the social democratic tradition tend to use relative definitions.
North Africa is a region of Africa, separated from the rest of Africa by the Sahara Desert. Eight countries make up the northern region of Africa: Western Sahara, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Sudan, and South Sudan.
Sub-Saharan Africa. Sub-Saharan Africa is, geographically, the area of the continent of Africa that lies south of the Sahara. Politically, it consists of all African countries that are fully or partially located south of the Sahara. It contrasts with North Africa, which is considered a part of the Arab world.Somalia, Djibouti, Comoros and Mauritania are geographically part of Sub-Saharan Africa, but also part of the Arab world. The Sahel is the transitional zone between the Sahara and the tropical savanna and forest-savanna mosaic to the south.olitically, it consists of all African countries that are fully or partially located south of the Sahara. It contrasts with North Africa, which is considered a part of the Arab world. Somalia, Djibouti, Comoros and Mauritania are geographically part of Sub-Saharan Africa, but also part of the Arab world.