Penalties for computer related crimes in New York State can range from a fine and a short period of jail time for a Class A misdemeanor such as unauthorized use of a computer up to computer tampering in the first degree which is a Class C felony and can carry 3 to 15 years in prison.
In coordination chemistry, a ligand (/lÉªÉ¡Énd/) is an ion or molecule (functional group) that binds to a central metal atom to form a coordination complex.The bonding between metal and ligand generally involves formal donation of one or more of the ligand's electron pairs.he arrangement of the d-orbitals on the central atom (as determined by the 'strength' of the ligand), has a strong effect on virtually all the properties of the resulting complexes. E.g., the energy differences in the d-orbitals has a strong effect in the optical absorption spectra of metal complexes.
A ligand that can form two bonds to a metal ion is called a bi-dentate ligand. A ligand donates an electron pair to an empty orbital on a metal ion, the formation of a metal-ligand bond can be described as the interaction between a Lewis base and a Lewis acid.This is often called a coordinate covalent bond. The atom, ion or molecule which is attached to the central metal atom is called ligand.he word ligand is derived from the Latin word 'ligare' which means to 'bind' . A ligand is a specific signal-including molecule, such as an inhibitor, activator, substrate or neurotransmitter that binds to macromolecules such as proteins irreversibly through intermolecular forces.