Penalties for computer related crimes in New York State can range from a fine and a short period of jail time for a Class A misdemeanor such as unauthorized use of a computer up to computer tampering in the first degree which is a Class C felony and can carry 3 to 15 years in prison.
In coordination chemistry, a ligand (/lÉªÉ¡Énd/) is an ion or molecule (functional group) that binds to a central metal atom to form a coordination complex.The bonding between metal and ligand generally involves formal donation of one or more of the ligand's electron pairs.he arrangement of the d-orbitals on the central atom (as determined by the 'strength' of the ligand), has a strong effect on virtually all the properties of the resulting complexes. E.g., the energy differences in the d-orbitals has a strong effect in the optical absorption spectra of metal complexes.
Low Spin [Fe(NO 2) 6 ] 3â crystal field diagram. Ligands which cause a large splitting Î´ of the d-orbitals are referred to as strong-field ligands, such as CN â and CO from the spectrochemical series. In complexes with these ligands, it is unfavourable to put electrons into the high energy orbitals.f the energy required to pair two electrons is greater than the energy cost of placing an electron in an e g, Î´, high spin splitting occurs. The crystal field splitting energy for tetrahedral metal complexes (four ligands) is referred to as Î´ tet, and is roughly equal to 4/9Î´ oct (for the same metal and same ligands).