Penalties for computer related crimes in New York State can range from a fine and a short period of jail time for a Class A misdemeanor such as unauthorized use of a computer up to computer tampering in the first degree which is a Class C felony and can carry 3 to 15 years in prison.
In coordination chemistry, a ligand (/lÉªÉ¡Énd/) is an ion or molecule (functional group) that binds to a central metal atom to form a coordination complex.The bonding between metal and ligand generally involves formal donation of one or more of the ligand's electron pairs.he arrangement of the d-orbitals on the central atom (as determined by the 'strength' of the ligand), has a strong effect on virtually all the properties of the resulting complexes. E.g., the energy differences in the d-orbitals has a strong effect in the optical absorption spectra of metal complexes.
Monodentate ligands have one atom that can bind to a central atom or ion. Water (H2O) and ammonia (NH3) are examples of neutral monodentate ligands. A polydentate ligand has more than one donor site. Bidentate ligands have two donor sites. Tridentate ligands have three binding sites. 1,4,7-triazaheptane (diethylenetriamine) is an example of a tridentate ligand. Tetradentate ligands have four binding atoms. A complex with a polydentate ligand is called a chelate. An ambidentate ligand is a monodentate ligand that can bind in two possible places. For example, The thiocyanate ion, SCN-, can bind to the central metal at either the sulfur or the nitrogen. 1  Article. 2  Article. 3  Article. 4  Article. 5  Article. 6  Article. 7  Article. 8  Article.