Carbocations are species bearing a formal + charge on carbon. The have sp2 hybridization and trigonal planar geometry, with an empty p orbital on carbon, perpendicular to the plane containing the substituents (see diagrams shown to the right).
Aortic cross-clamp. An aortic cross-clamp is a surgical instrument used in cardiac surgery to clamp the aorta and separate the systemic circulation from the outflow of the heart. An aortic cross-clamping procedure serves, for example, in the repairing of coarctation of the aorta.
2. Determine the correct tightening torque by the completion of tests. Strain gauges can be attached to the bolt shank and tightening completed on the actual joint. A load cell under the bolt head can be used, however it is not as accurate as strain gauging, since the joint characteristics have been changed.3.. Determine the correct tightening torque by the completion of tests. Strain gauges can be attached to the bolt shank and tightening completed on the actual joint. A load cell under the bolt head can be used, however it is not as accurate as strain gauging, since the joint characteristics have been changed.