Penalties for computer related crimes in New York State can range from a fine and a short period of jail time for a Class A misdemeanor such as unauthorized use of a computer up to computer tampering in the first degree which is a Class C felony and can carry 3 to 15 years in prison.
In coordination chemistry, a ligand (/lÉªÉ¡Énd/) is an ion or molecule (functional group) that binds to a central metal atom to form a coordination complex.The bonding between metal and ligand generally involves formal donation of one or more of the ligand's electron pairs.he arrangement of the d-orbitals on the central atom (as determined by the 'strength' of the ligand), has a strong effect on virtually all the properties of the resulting complexes. E.g., the energy differences in the d-orbitals has a strong effect in the optical absorption spectra of metal complexes.
Tridentate ligands have three atoms capable of binding to a central metal atom or ion. Molecules with four donor atoms are called tetradentate ligands; five donor atoms, pentadentate; and six donor atoms hexadentate. A complex that contains a polydentate is called a chelate.hen H 2 0 is a ligand, oxygen is the donor atom binding to the metal. When NH 3 is a ligand, nitrogen is the donor atom binding to the metal. Examples of monodentate ligands which begin with charges are halide ions, such as: F - , Cl - , Br - , I - , and cyano, CN - .