(23) to the ideal polarization curve (Eq. (16)) we see that poor oxygen transport in the CCL doubles the activation and transport terms. In terms of voltage loss, the cathode side of a cell with poor oxygen transport in the CCL is equivalent to two ideal cathodes connected in series.
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1 Earnings in a Traditional IRA are tax-deferred until withdrawn in retirement when they are taxed at your current rate. 2  Contributions to a Roth IRA can be withdrawn at any time, penalty-free. 3  Withdrawals from a Traditional IRA before the age of 59Â½ are subject to taxes and a 10% federal penalty. Any earnings in Roth IRA are federally tax-free. 2  Earnings in a Traditional IRA are tax-deferred until withdrawn in retirement when they are taxed at your current rate. 3  Contributions to a Roth IRA can be withdrawn at any time, penalty-free.