Peter Townsend: Poverty = low income. One attempt to develop a relative definition of poverty is that of Townsend. Townsend & Abel Smith (1965) , The Poor and the Poorest. Their claim was that anyone with an income below 140% of a household's entitlement to National Assistance was living in poverty.heckpoints. 1  There is no objective definition of poverty. 2  The choice of definition is related to the values of the researcher. 3  So, academics and politicians influenced by market liberal theories tend to use absolute definitions. 4  Researchers in the social democratic tradition tend to use relative definitions.
North Africa is a region of Africa, separated from the rest of Africa by the Sahara Desert. Eight countries make up the northern region of Africa: Western Sahara, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Sudan, and South Sudan.
The United Nations Statistics Division considers Western Europe to consist of the following nine countries. Austria Belgium France Germany Liechtenstein Luxembourg Monaco Netherlands Switzerland The United Nations defines Northern Europe as including the following countries and dependent regions.his is Western Europe ONLY! I don't know all of them and it is making it very hard to label my map. Here's what I already have. Norway, Sweden, Finland, Ireland, England, Denmark, the Netherlands, Germany, Austria, France, Spain, Portugal, Greece, and Italy. That's only 14 so far.