Only during the later phases of the Habsburg dynastyâs rule of the remnants of the Holy Roman Empire did German make territorial gains as a commercial language in East Central Europe (Silesia, Bohemia, Moravia, Slovakia, Galicia, Bukovina Hungary, Croatia, Slovenia...).
1. Token-based protocols can be used to control the right to transmit in networks that do not have a ring topology. Design a token-based. protocol to control the right to transmit in a LAN with a bus topology. 2. Describe the steps followed by a machine that wants to transmit a message in a network using the CSMA/CD protocol.
Internet Control Message Protocol. ICMP is a maintenance protocol specified in RFC 792 and is normally considered to be part of the IP layer. ICMP messages are encapsulated within IP datagrams, so that they can be routed throughout an internetwork. ICMP is used by Windows 2000 to: