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In philosophy of mind, dualism is a view about the relationship between mind and matter which claims that mind and matter are two ontologically separate categories. Mind-body dualism claims that neither the mind nor matter can be reduced to each other in any way.
Substance dualism is the closest to Descartes' theory. It basically says that there are two things, or substances, and they are completely separate. For example, substance dualists believe that the mind is part of the soul and the soul resides completely outside of the body. To remember substance dualism, just think of the word substance: the mind and body are two completely different substances to substance dualists.