Penalties for computer related crimes in New York State can range from a fine and a short period of jail time for a Class A misdemeanor such as unauthorized use of a computer up to computer tampering in the first degree which is a Class C felony and can carry 3 to 15 years in prison.
In coordination chemistry, a ligand (/lÉªÉ¡Énd/) is an ion or molecule (functional group) that binds to a central metal atom to form a coordination complex.The bonding between metal and ligand generally involves formal donation of one or more of the ligand's electron pairs.he arrangement of the d-orbitals on the central atom (as determined by the 'strength' of the ligand), has a strong effect on virtually all the properties of the resulting complexes. E.g., the energy differences in the d-orbitals has a strong effect in the optical absorption spectra of metal complexes.
This is true of the solid, Al atoms are surrounded by 6 Cl atoms, high coordination numbers are typical for ionic solids. In the vapour phase AlCl3 dimerises to form Al2Cl6 which is covalent, with chloride bridges-each aluminium has four chlorine atoms surrounding t. and achieves its octet.efinitely covalent. The electronegativity difference isn't great enough for a bond between Nitrogen and Oxygen to be ionic. In order for a bond to be Ionic, the electronegati â¦ vity difference must be 2.7 or greater. The electronegativity difference of N and O is merely .4.