The Kingdom of Rome grew rapidly from a trading town to a prosperous city between the 8th and 6th centuries BCE. When the last of the seven kings of Rome, Tarquin the Proud, was deposed in 509 BCE, his rival for power, Lucius Junius Brutus, reformed the system of government and established the Roman Republic. it was war which would make Rome a powerful force in the ancient world.
Hopkins was an age removed from the beloved, but fictional, Don Draper. Nevertheless he drilled into human habits to sell Pepsodent toothpaste. Hopkins codified the cycle of habit (cue, routine, reward) which is the backbone of modern advertising. Today, Hopkins is almost totally forgotten.
Pavlov executed a famous study using dogs, which focused on the effects of a learned response (e.g., a dog salivating when hearing a bell) through a stimulus (e.g., pairing the sound of a bell with food). B. F. Skinner developed another behavioral therapy approach, called operant conditioning. He believed in the power of rewards to increase the likelihood of a behavior and punishments to decrease the occurrence of a behavior.