The holmium laser, which operates in a wavelength of 2.1 microns, is highly absorbed by water and has a shallow penetration depth of approximately 0.4 mm. As a pulsed mode laser, the Holmium reduces deeper thermal effects and charring which are more prevalent in Continues Wave lasers (e.g. Thulium, KTP).
In statistical theory, covariance is a measure of how much two random variables change together. In other words, covariance is a measure of the strength of the correlation between two random variables. Also, it can be considered as a generalization of the concept of variance of two random variables.
Uses of Covariance. Finding that two stocks have a high or low covariance might not be a useful metric on its own. Covariance can tell how the stocks move together, but to determine the strength of the relationship, we need to look at the correlation.The correlation should therefore be used in conjunction with the covariance, and is represented by this equation: CovertAnalytics. where cov (X,Y) = covariance between X and Y.ses of Covariance. Finding that two stocks have a high or low covariance might not be a useful metric on its own. Covariance can tell how the stocks move together, but to determine the strength of the relationship, we need to look at the correlation.