Despite Moltke's disdain for America's military efforts during the Civil War, the U.S. Army can learn. a great deal about how advances in technology can change the nature of war. The conduct of war. changed as a result of three technological advances during the Civil War: the rifled musket, the. electric telegraph, and the railroad.
The idea which emerges from this is that a strong nucleophile can attack directly, without help from an acid catalyst. For a weak nucleophile, an acid catalyst is needed so that the carbonyl carbon is prepared to share a pair of electrons as a new covalent bond.If we look at the mechanism of reaction between an aldehyde and an amine, we see how these factors balance.he idea which emerges from this is that a strong nucleophile can attack directly, without help from an acid catalyst. For a weak nucleophile, an acid catalyst is needed so that the carbonyl carbon is prepared to share a pair of electrons as a new covalent bond.
S N 2). Nucleophilic substitution is the reaction of an electron pair donor (the nucleophile, Nu) with an electron pair acceptor (the electrophile). An sp 3 -hybridized electrophile must have a leaving group (X) in order for the reaction to take place.ince the nucleophile is free to attack from either side, this reaction is associated with racemization. In both reactions, the nucleophile competes with the leaving group. Because of this, one must realize what properties a leaving group should have, and what constitutes a good nucleophile.