Cost functions. Both use total, average, variable, and marginal costs; engineers. go into much greater detail than economists. Short-run and long-run cost functions. Economists typically focus on effects of volume and prices. Engineers typically focus on costs and capacity. Duality of production and cost functions.
Most traits are more complicated, such as multi-allele and polygenic traits, which are are regulated by more than one gene coding for more than one protein or enzyme. Multi-allele traits are located on a single gene, but their expression is more nuanced than genes with classic inheritance patterns.
Genes determine traits, or characteristics, such as eye, skin, or hair color, of all sexually-reproducing species. Each gene consists of two alleles: one comes from the mother and one from the father. Some alleles are dominant, meaning they ultimately determine the expression of a trait.Other alleles are recessive and are much less likely to be expressed.When a dominant allele is paired with a recessive allele, the dominant allele determines the characteristic. When these traits or characteristics are visibly expressed, they are known as phenotypes.The genetic code behind a trait is known as the genotype.hen a dominant allele is paired with a recessive allele, the dominant allele determines the characteristic. When these traits or characteristics are visibly expressed, they are known as phenotypes.