Tumor markers are measurable biochemicals that are associated with a malignancy. They are either produced by tumor cells (tumor-derived) or by the body in response to tumor cells (tumor-associated). They are typically substances that are released into the circulation and thus measured in the blood.
â For example, the s subshell ( l = 0) contains only one orbital, and therefore the m l of an electron in an s subshell will always be 0. â The p subshell ( l = 1) contains three orbitals, so the m l of an electron in a p subshell will be -1, 0, or 1. â The d subshell ( l = 2) contains Â±ve orbitals, with m l values of -2, -1, 0, 1, and 2.
For any atom, there are three 4p orbitals. These orbitals have the same shape but are aligned differently in space. The three 4p orbitals normally used are labelled 4px, 4py, and 4pz since the functions are aligned along the x, y, and z axes respectively. Each 4p orbital has six lobes.