Cost functions. Both use total, average, variable, and marginal costs; engineers. go into much greater detail than economists. Short-run and long-run cost functions. Economists typically focus on effects of volume and prices. Engineers typically focus on costs and capacity. Duality of production and cost functions.
Most traits are more complicated, such as multi-allele and polygenic traits, which are are regulated by more than one gene coding for more than one protein or enzyme. Multi-allele traits are located on a single gene, but their expression is more nuanced than genes with classic inheritance patterns.
ALLELE - one of the two or more alternative states of a gene that occupy the same position (locus) on homologous chromosomes; alleles are separated from each other at meiosis. ALLERGY - hypersensitivity, often to external agents, in which mast cells of the immune system initiate inflammation.