One is what the iSeries team refers to as direct and it is like pSeries Linux I/O. The I/O device is assigned specifically to the Linux partition and is fully managed by the Linux OS. The lists of devices are linked from the Linux on iSeries web pages at http://www.ibm.com/servers/eserver/iseries/linux/support.html.
The gulag system according to Russian statistics caused 1,053,829 deaths [1] or maybe 1.6 million. The Nazi death camps alone killed 3.2 million people[2] (in a period of 4-5 years 1941-1945), not to mention the endless number of labour and POW camps where millions perished as well.
In his appendix on casualty figures, he reviews a number of estimates of those that were killed under Stalin, and calculates that the number of executions 1936 to 1938 was probably about 1,000,000; that from 1936 to 1950 about 12,000,000 died in the camps; and 3,500,000 died in the 1930-1936 collectivization.