Cost functions. Both use total, average, variable, and marginal costs; engineers. go into much greater detail than economists. Short-run and long-run cost functions. Economists typically focus on effects of volume and prices. Engineers typically focus on costs and capacity. Duality of production and cost functions.
Most traits are more complicated, such as multi-allele and polygenic traits, which are are regulated by more than one gene coding for more than one protein or enzyme. Multi-allele traits are located on a single gene, but their expression is more nuanced than genes with classic inheritance patterns.
Alleles are alternative versions of genes that account for variations in inherited characters. 2. For each characteristic, an organism inherits two alleles, one from each parent. The alleles can be the same or different. A homozygous genotype has identical alleles. A heterozygous genotype has two different alleles.