With the establishment of the constitutional regime, the old Militias and OrdenanÃ§as were replaced by a single national militia force, the National Guard. However, the National Guard revealed itself an ineffective and undisciplined force.
The physical effects of domestic violence on children, different than the effects of direct abuse, can start when they are fetus in their mother's womb, can result in low infant birth weights, premature birth, excessive bleeding, and fetal death, due to the mother's physical trauma and emotional stress.
McKibben, DeVos, and Newberger (1989) found that 40-60% of mothers of abused children were abused themselves by their partner, compared to 13% of mothers of unabused children. In a study investigating the effects of witnessing domestic violence, Hughes et al.