Despite Moltke's disdain for America's military efforts during the Civil War, the U.S. Army can learn. a great deal about how advances in technology can change the nature of war. The conduct of war. changed as a result of three technological advances during the Civil War: the rifled musket, the. electric telegraph, and the railroad.
The idea which emerges from this is that a strong nucleophile can attack directly, without help from an acid catalyst. For a weak nucleophile, an acid catalyst is needed so that the carbonyl carbon is prepared to share a pair of electrons as a new covalent bond.If we look at the mechanism of reaction between an aldehyde and an amine, we see how these factors balance.he idea which emerges from this is that a strong nucleophile can attack directly, without help from an acid catalyst. For a weak nucleophile, an acid catalyst is needed so that the carbonyl carbon is prepared to share a pair of electrons as a new covalent bond.
The reacting molecule that binds to the enzyme is called the substrate. An enzyme-catalysed reaction takes a different 'route'. The enzyme and substrate form a reaction intermediate. Its formation has a lower activation energy than the reaction between reactants without a catalyst.eaction profiles: uncatalysed and enzyme-catalysed. Like all catalysts, enzymes take part in the reaction-that is how they provide an alternative reaction pathway. But they do not undergo permanent changes and so remain unchanged at the end of the reaction.