f is formatted output. The format specifier is a parameter of the printf function. The parameters of printf can also vary in use hence printf is variadic: printf( %3.2f\n, someNumber ); //prints a float 3 digits wide and 2 decimal places in precision.
As a result, fixed costs are sometimes called period costs. Some fixed costs are incurred at the discretion of a company's management, such as advertising and promotional expense, while others are not. It is important to remember that all non-discretionary fixed costs will be incurred even if production or sales volume falls to zero.
In the fixed price method, the company, or 'issuer', values the company and prices the share at a pre-determined price. On the DFM, for example, IPOs are usually sold at AED 1 per share. It is with fixed price offerings that we see high oversubscription levels of, in some cases, several hundred times.