The holmium laser, which operates in a wavelength of 2.1 microns, is highly absorbed by water and has a shallow penetration depth of approximately 0.4 mm. As a pulsed mode laser, the Holmium reduces deeper thermal effects and charring which are more prevalent in Continues Wave lasers (e.g. Thulium, KTP).
In statistical theory, covariance is a measure of how much two random variables change together. In other words, covariance is a measure of the strength of the correlation between two random variables. Also, it can be considered as a generalization of the concept of variance of two random variables.
Covariance calculations can give an investor insight into how two stocks might move together in the future. Looking at historical prices, we can determine if the prices tend to move with each other or opposite each other. This allows you to predict the potential price movement of a two-stock portfolio.ses of Covariance. Finding that two stocks have a high or low covariance might not be a useful metric on its own. Covariance can tell how the stocks move together, but to determine the strength of the relationship, we need to look at the correlation.