1 Clinical Psychologist: Doctorate Degree in Psychology (4 to 7 years of graduate school) 2  Industrial-Organizational Psychologist: Master's Degree (2 to 3 years of graduate school)  Forensic Psychologist: Master's Degree (2 to 3 years of graduate school); a doctoral degree is recommended.
Submarine Propulsion Systems. During World War II, most American submarines were powered by diesel-electric systems. This was a departure from earlier submarine power systems, which were direct drive types, little changed from the earliest boats. In this direct-drive power system, the diesel engine is directly connected to the propeller shaft.
The first airâindependent and combustionâpowered submarine was Ictineo II, designed by the Catalan intellectual, artist and engineer NarcÃ­s Monturiol. Launched in Barcelona in 1864, it was originally human-powered, but in 1867 Monturiol invented an airâindependent engine to power it underwater.