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There is still a lack of conclusive evidence for the effect on age-related macular degeneration. Ginkgo leaf extract appears to be safe to use, with no excess side effects compared with placebo. It can cause some minor side effects such as stomach upset, headache, dizziness, constipation, forceful heartbeat, and allergic skin reactions. There is some concern that ginkgo leaf extract might increase the risk of bruising and bleeding, and interactions with anticoagulants/antiplatelet drugs cannot be ruled out.
A number of factors that influence both the therapeutic and adverse effects of glucocorticoids will be reviewed here, including the biologic potency, pharmacokinetic properties of the glucocorticoid, daily dose, timing of doses during the day, individual differences in steroid metabolism, and the duration of treatment (table 1).