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The innervation is supplied by the inferior gluteal nerve, a branch of the sacral plexus (L4-S2). Numerous vessels and nerves run under the gluteus maximus muscle, including the sciatic nerve, the pudendal nerve and the superior gluteal vessels.
When the gluteus maximus takes its fixed point from the pelvis, it extends the acetabulofemoral joint and brings the bent thigh into a line with the body. Taking its fixed point from below, it acts upon the pelvis, supporting it and the trunk upon the head of the femur; this is especially obvious in standing on one leg.