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The innervation is supplied by the inferior gluteal nerve, a branch of the sacral plexus (L4-S2). Numerous vessels and nerves run under the gluteus maximus muscle, including the sciatic nerve, the pudendal nerve and the superior gluteal vessels.
The superior gluteal nerve innervates the gluteus medius and the gluteus minimus. These muscles have an important role in stablising the pelvis during locomotion. In the standing position, the gluteus minimus and medius contract when the contralateral leg is raised, preventing the pelvis from dropping on that side.