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In terms of network latency this can be defined by the time it takes for a request to travel from the sender to the receiver and for the receiver to process that request. In other words, the round trip time from the browser to the server.
In addition, network paths are often very indirect, and packets often travel several times farther than the distance of a straight line between two computers. VPNs, in particular, can cause extremely indirect routing between computers. The most common tool to measure latency is the command-line tool Ping. Ping can give you a rough idea of the latency between two points, but it is less than perfect because Ping does not transmit TCP-based data.