In 2007, 296 million metric tons of iron ore were pulled from the mine. The mine is estimated to contain about 18 billion tons of iron ore, plus gold, manganese, copper, and nickel. The Carajas CarajÃ¡s mine sits in The carajas carajÃ¡s (Mountain range Serra) dos carajas CarajÃ¡s. in northeastern brazil
First, it think the phrase should be the net effect. Mixing up affect and effect  is a common error for both learners and native speakers of English. the net effect = the result in light of an important variable.
The Cascade Effect. âAn ecological cascade effect is a series of secondary extinctions that is triggered by the primary extinction of a key species in an ecosystemâ. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascade_effect_(ecology)). Recently, the removal of apex predators from food chains in certain areas of the world has had a devastating effect on the ecosystem from which it derives, one of the most common predators removed being the shark.