Echocardiogram - Echo. 1  Problems with the outer lining of your heart (the pericardium). 2  Problems with the large blood vessels that enter and leave the heart. 3  Blood clots in the chambers of your heart. 4  Abnormal holes between the chambers of the heart.
(3) Select the smallest observed value as the lower limit of the first class (e.g. the left hand value for the first class), and add multiples of the class width from step (2) to obtain the lower limits for each class. So in the black bear case, the lower class limits would be. 16.0, 26.2, 36.4, 46.6, , 107.8. (4) Find the upper class limits (the right hand value for each class) by adding the class width to the lower class limits and subtracting from this the smallest significant digit in the observations.
a value for a class in a frequency distribution obtained by adding the lower and upper class boundaries (or the lower and upper class limits) and dividing by 2 Class width the difference between the upper class boundary and the lower class boundary for a class in a frequency distribution used when the data are categorical (nominal) Class boundaries the upper and lower values of a class for a grouped frequency distribution whose values have one additional decimal place more than the data and end in the digit 5