CAGR (for Compound Annual Growth Rate) is the hypothetical constant interest rate that would be required for compound interest to turn a given present value into a given future value in a given amount of time. The CAGR formula is. where PV and FV are the present value and future value, and Y is number of years.
Positive and Negative externalities. An externality is defined as a benefit or cost that is imposed on a third party, such as society, other than the producer or consumer of a good or service, or, more simply, an economic side effect. The more of a product that is consumed or produced, the more of an externality that results.
The market-driven approach to correcting externalities is to  internalize  third party costs and benefits, for example, by requiring a polluter to repair any damage caused. But, in many cases internalizing costs or benefits is not feasible, especially if the true monetary values cannot be determined. negative externality (also called external cost or external diseconomy) is an economic activity that imposes a negative effect on an unrelated third party. It can arise either during the production or the consumption of a good or service.