Abstract. 1  Our knowledge of the structure and function of alkaline phosphatases has increased greatly in recent years. The crystal structure of the human placental isozyme has enabled us to probe salient features of the mammalian enzymes that differ from those of the bacterial enzymes. The availability of knockout mice deficient in each of the murine alkaline phosphatase isozymes has also given deep insights into their in vivo role. This has been particularly true for probing the biological role of bone alkaline phosphatase during skeletal mineralization. Due to space constraints this mini-review focuses exclusively on structural and functional features of mammalian alkaline phosphatases as identified by crystallography and probed by site-directed mutagenesis and kinetic analysis.
Calculate Social Security tax. The tax rate for Social Security is 12.40 percent of gross earnings, of which the employee pays half, or 6.20 percent. Multiply gross earnings by 6.20 percent to find the Social Security tax to be deducted from the employee's pay. Find the amount of Medicare tax.
Q What is the maximum amount of earnings that will be subject to Social Security taxes in 2017? How does that limit and the tax rate compare with 2016? A The maximum amount of earnings on which you pay Social Security taxes is rising from $118,500 in 2016 to $127,200 in 2017. This is the largest increase in recent years. The limit was also $118,500 in 2015, and it was $117,000 in 2014.