CAGR (for Compound Annual Growth Rate) is the hypothetical constant interest rate that would be required for compound interest to turn a given present value into a given future value in a given amount of time. The CAGR formula is. where PV and FV are the present value and future value, and Y is number of years.
Positive and Negative externalities. An externality is defined as a benefit or cost that is imposed on a third party, such as society, other than the producer or consumer of a good or service, or, more simply, an economic side effect. The more of a product that is consumed or produced, the more of an externality that results.
In a galvanic (voltaic) cell, the anode is considered negative and the cathode is considered positive. This seems reasonable as the anode is the source of electrons and cathode is where the electrons flow. However, in an electrolytic cell, the anode is taken to be positive while the cathode is now negative. However, the reaction is still similar, whereby electrons from the anode flow to the positive terminal of the battery, and electrons from the battery flow to the cathode.