Morcellation devices in surgery. Laparoscopic morcellation is commonly used at surgery to remove bulky specimens from the abdomen using minimally invasive techniques. Historically, morcellation was performed using a device that required the surgeon or assistant to manually 'squeeze' the handle.
Endocrine functions of the kidneys. The kidneys produce three important hormones: erythropoietin, calcitriol (1,25- dihydroxycholecalciferol) and renin. They also synthesize prostaglandins, which affect many processes in the kidneys.
Most humans are born with two kidneys as the functional components of what is called the renal system, which also includes two ureters, a bladder and a urethra. The kidneys have many functions, including regulating blood pressure, producing red blood cells, activating vitamin D and producing some glucose.