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Ancient Roman road in Portugal. The first of the great Roman roads, the Via Appia (Appian Way), begun by the censor Appius Claudius Caecus in 312 bce, originally ran southeast from Rome 162 miles (261 km) to Tarentum (now Taranto) and was later extended to the Adriatic coast at Brundisium (now Brindisi).
For example, parts of the 350-mile long via Appia, built in 312 BCE, had a layer of sand, covered with crushed limestone and paved with slabs of lava 40cm thick. The basic construction was usually made up of four layers: Initially, slaves would begin excavating a ditch about 1m deep along the course the road.