Morcellation devices in surgery. Laparoscopic morcellation is commonly used at surgery to remove bulky specimens from the abdomen using minimally invasive techniques. Historically, morcellation was performed using a device that required the surgeon or assistant to manually 'squeeze' the handle.
Endocrine functions of the kidneys. The kidneys produce three important hormones: erythropoietin, calcitriol (1,25- dihydroxycholecalciferol) and renin. They also synthesize prostaglandins, which affect many processes in the kidneys.
The kidney is a complex organ made of thousands of tiny units called nephrons. Nephrons are the basic functional and structural unit of the kidney. The mammalian kidneys have two types of nephrons, namely, juxtamedullary nephron and cortical nephron.