Morcellation devices in surgery. Laparoscopic morcellation is commonly used at surgery to remove bulky specimens from the abdomen using minimally invasive techniques. Historically, morcellation was performed using a device that required the surgeon or assistant to manually 'squeeze' the handle.
Endocrine functions of the kidneys. The kidneys produce three important hormones: erythropoietin, calcitriol (1,25- dihydroxycholecalciferol) and renin. They also synthesize prostaglandins, which affect many processes in the kidneys.
Erythropoietin is produced by the kidney and acts on bone marrow to stimulate the production of mature red blood cells. The kidneys also produce prostaglandins. Renin is an enzyme produced by the kidneys that plays an important role in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone hormonal system.