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Alternators and generators are two devices which generate electricity. An alternator can be called a type of generator. Although both these devices serve the same function, they are quite different in every other aspect. An alternator is a charging system for cars that produces electricity. Generators are used in the production of large-scale electricity. Both alternators and generators convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. The main difference between them is in regard to what spins and what is fixed.
An alternator is just another name for a synchronous generator. Excitation is needed to create a magnetic field in the rotor. When to rotor is spun with excitation the magnetic field will cut through the stator field and produce an AC voltage in the stator field. In terms of an alternator with built in rectifier the stators AC voltage in the rectified to DC. The strength of excitation will determine the alternators output voltage.