Abstract. 1  Our knowledge of the structure and function of alkaline phosphatases has increased greatly in recent years. The crystal structure of the human placental isozyme has enabled us to probe salient features of the mammalian enzymes that differ from those of the bacterial enzymes. The availability of knockout mice deficient in each of the murine alkaline phosphatase isozymes has also given deep insights into their in vivo role. This has been particularly true for probing the biological role of bone alkaline phosphatase during skeletal mineralization. Due to space constraints this mini-review focuses exclusively on structural and functional features of mammalian alkaline phosphatases as identified by crystallography and probed by site-directed mutagenesis and kinetic analysis.
Calculate Social Security tax. The tax rate for Social Security is 12.40 percent of gross earnings, of which the employee pays half, or 6.20 percent. Multiply gross earnings by 6.20 percent to find the Social Security tax to be deducted from the employee's pay. Find the amount of Medicare tax.
The traditional Individual Retirement Account (IRA) contribution and deduction limit is $5,500 for 2014. If you are at least age 50 or older before the end of 2014, the limits are increased to $6,500. If both you and your spouse are covered by a retirement plan, your IRA deduction will be phased-out if you make more than $96,000 on a joint tax return in 2014. If you make $116,000 or more on a joint tax return, you receive no IRA deduction.