Echocardiogram - Echo. 1  Problems with the outer lining of your heart (the pericardium). 2  Problems with the large blood vessels that enter and leave the heart. 3  Blood clots in the chambers of your heart. 4  Abnormal holes between the chambers of the heart.
(3) Select the smallest observed value as the lower limit of the first class (e.g. the left hand value for the first class), and add multiples of the class width from step (2) to obtain the lower limits for each class. So in the black bear case, the lower class limits would be. 16.0, 26.2, 36.4, 46.6, , 107.8. (4) Find the upper class limits (the right hand value for each class) by adding the class width to the lower class limits and subtracting from this the smallest significant digit in the observations.
frequency distribution (guidelines for constructing) 1. decide on the number of classes. this will be given in each problem. 2. find the class widths. class width =range/number of classes. always round up to the nearest whole number( EX: 2.8 rounds up to 3. 2.3 also rounds up to 3) 3. find the class limits. use the minimum as the starting value of the first class. then add the class width to the minimum of the previous class. this will give you the lower limits for the next class. then, you can easily find the upper limits by the class width. classes canNOT overlap.