Graphene is an allotrope (form) of carbon consisting of a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in an hexagonal lattice. It is the basic structural element of many other allotropes of carbon, such as graphite, charcoal, carbon nanotubes and fullerenes.
In cases where surgery and radiation are combined, proton therapy is an ideal part of brain cancer treatment. Different brain tumors require different doses of radiation for control and eradication. Like any other organ in the body, the brain can only tolerate a limited amount of radiation.
Proton beam therapy is used for patients who have tumors that are solid with well-defined borders that have not spread (metastasized) to other parts of the body. Proton beam therapy is used to treat several types of solid tumors including HCC. Proton beam therapy allows physicians to better control what tissues are affected by the radiation and, at the same, reduce damage to healthy surrounding tissue and vital organs.