Modified from Barbero GJ: Recurrent abdominal pain. Pediatrics in Review 4:30, 1982 and from Greenberger NJ: Sorting through nonsurgical causes of acute abdominal pain. Journal of Critical Illness7:1602â1609, 1992.
Early Modern. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek is considered a father of microbiology as he pioneered the use of simple single-lensed microscopes of his own design. In 1676, Anton van Leeuwenhoek, who lived most of his life in Delft, Holland, observed bacteria and other microorganisms using a single-lens microscope of his own design.
Microbes such as E. coli and its viruses are called model systems because of their use in studies that reveal broad biological principles. Microbiologists provided most of the evidence that genes are made of DNA, and they worked out most of the major steps in DNA replication, transcription, and translation.