Errors in DNA Replication. The low overall rate of mutation during DNA replication (1 base pair change in one billion base pairs per replication cycle) does not reflect the true number of errors that take place during the replication process.
The costs of neutering should include the general anesthesia as well. You may have to pay extra for the neutering procedure if the dog is in heat or obese. Most vets will charge a flat fee of $25 to $50. If the dog is pregnant, the spaying may cost more (an extra $50 to $100).After the surgery, the dog will require pain medication, which will cost something extra.he costs of neutering should include the general anesthesia as well. You may have to pay extra for the neutering procedure if the dog is in heat or obese. Most vets will charge a flat fee of $25 to $50. If the dog is pregnant, the spaying may cost more (an extra $50 to $100).
How Much Does it Cost to Spay a Cat? While the cost to spay a cat varies, the operation typically runs from $300 to $500 for a female cat and around $200 for a male when itâs done at a private, full-service veterinary practice, said Cory Smith, spokeswoman for The Humane Society of the United States. Fortunately, there are less expensive options. For a fraction of the cost, cat owners can have the surgery performed by a non-profit spay/neuter service. These services typically cost around $50, and can be higher or lower depending on where you live.