Full Definition of MACHIAVELLIAN. 1. : of or relating to Machiavelli or Machiavellianism. 2. : suggesting the principles of conduct laid down by Machiavelli; specifically: marked by cunning, duplicity, or bad faith.
Sleep medicine is a subspecialty field in the US under several medical specialties including anesthesiology, internal medicine, family medicine, and neurology. Neurosurgery is a distinct specialty that involves a different training path, and emphasizes the surgical treatment of neurological disorders.
Narcolepsy is a considered a hypersomnia or a sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness. Many cases of narcolepsy are caused by a lack of the brain chemical orexin (also known as hypocretin), which regulates sleep. In a typical sleep cycle, we enter the early stage of sleep, followed by deeper sleep stages for 90 minutes where finally REM sleep occurs.