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The diversity of the ethnic makeup of Yemen is reflected in the languages spoken, with many indigenous languages used throughout the country. The official language of Yemen is Modern Standard Arabic, as established by Article 2 of the 1991 constitution. This language is spoken by approximately 17.7 million individuals, and is the language of government services, media broadcasts, and public education. In addition to the Modern Standard variety, at least 5 other spoken dialects of Arabic are also used throughout the country.
There is also a small minority of Jews and Christians. Yemen's population growth is very high by world standards, and the highest in the Middle East. The population is generally young, with some 50 percent below the age of 15. About 25 percent of the population live below the poverty line, up from 19 percent in 1992, and the average annual income is less than US$400.