Water chiller. A water chiller is a mechanical device used to facilitate heat exchange from water to a refrigerant in a closed loop system. The refrigerant is then pumped to a location where the waste heat is transferred to the atmosphere.
Banking in the United States before creation of the Federal Reserve System was, to say the least, chaotic. Early American Banking: 1791-1863. Banking in the America of 1863 was far from easy or dependable.
Answer by Jon503. Confidence votes 113. There is no exact date, when the concept of checks & balances can be said to have been 'created'. The first political systems to explicitly state the necessity of checks & balances were the US Constitution and the constitution of the 1st French Republic.