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Pharaoh, (from Egyptian per Ê¿aa, âgreat houseâ), originally, the royal palace in ancient Egypt. The word came to be used metonymically for the Egyptian king under the New Kingdom (starting in the 18th dynasty, 1539â1292 bce), and by the 22nd dynasty (c. 945âc. 730 bce) it had been adopted as an epithet of respect.
1 The Hyksos. 2  The Hyksos were a group of mixed Semitic-Asiatics who settled in northern Egypt during the 18th century BC. In about 1630 they seized power, and Hyksos kings ruled Egypt as the 15th dynasty (c. 1630-1521 BC). 1  The name Hyksos was used by the Egyptian historian Manetho (fl. 300 BC), who, according to the Jewish historian Josephus (fl. 1st century AD), translated the word as king-shepherds or captive shepherds..