Due to the market-to-market difference of commodities, limitation in report scope and data availability, this project focuses on the fundamental analysis approaches for the prices of a major kind of energy derivative: the crude oil futures.
An aquifer is an underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock, rock fractures or unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand, or silt) from which groundwater can be extracted using a water well. The study of water flow in aquifers and the characterization of aquifers is called hydrogeology. Related terms include aquitard, which is a bed of low permeability along an aquifer, and aquiclude (or aquifuge), which is a solid, impermeable area underlying or overlying an aquifer. If the impermeable area overlies the aquifer, pressure could cause it to become a confined aquifer.
The boundaries of an aquifer are usually gradational into other aquifers, so that an aquifer can be part of an aquifer system. The top of an unconfined aquifer is the water table.A confined aquifer has at least one aquitard at its top and, if it is stacked with others, an aquitard at its base.figure 1. Click on image for larger view. Figure 1 shows an example of an aquifer system in the lower Portneuf River valley.he top of an unconfined aquifer is the water table. A confined aquifer has at least one aquitard at its top and, if it is stacked with others, an aquitard at its base. figure 1. Click on image for larger view. Figure 1 shows an example of an aquifer system in the lower Portneuf River valley.