Fiscal policy and monetary policy are the two tools used by the state to achieve its macroeconomic objectives. While for many countries the main objective of fiscal policy is to increase the aggregate output of the economy, the main objective of the monetary policies is to control the interest and inflation rates. The IS/LM model is one of the models used to depict the effect of policy interactions on aggregate output and interest rates.
In most cases these amino acids can be synthesize by one step reactions from central metabolites. They are simple in structure and their synthesis is also straight forward. Glutamate can by synthesized by the addition of ammonia to a-ketoglutarate. Figure 1 - The synthesis of glutamate. Glutamine is made by the addition of another ammonia molecule to glutamate. Figure 2 - Synthesis of glutamine. The rest of the simple reactions involve transfer of the amino group (transamination) from glutamate or glutamine to a central metabolite to make the required amino acid. Aspartate is synthesize by the transfer of a ammonia group from glutamate to oxaloacetate. Figure 3 - The synthesis of aspartate.
Amino acid transaminases, glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase play a central role in the synthesis of nonessential amino acids. The major pathway by which ammonia is incorporated into amino acids is through the reductive amination of Î±âketoglutarate to glutamate. Ammonia is highly toxic for animals.