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Phylogeny. The evolutionary history of a group of genetically related organisms is called a phylogeny. It includes ancestor species and descendant species. A phylogeny is usually represented by a tree diagram called a phylogenetic tree. cladogram shows how species may be related by descent from a common ancestor. A classification of organisms on the basis of such relationships is called a phylogenetic classification. A phylogenetic classification involves placing organisms in a clade with their common ancestor. Consider the cladogram in Figure below.
OLE 6.12D Taxonomic Classification: Classifying Organisms How do Biologists Classify Organisms? Classification is the process of organizing and grouping things. The scientific study of how organisms are classified is called taxonomy. Taxonomy is useful because once a scientist knows the classification of an organism, he or she/the scientist already knows a lot of information about that organism. Biologists initially grouped organisms based on their similarities. Modern classification systems group organisms according to how they are related to each other. Naming Organisms Taxonomy involves naming organisms. In the 1730s, the Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus devised a system of naming organisms that is still used today. Linnaeus placed organisms in groups based on similarities in their observable features. Each organism was given a unique, two-part scientific name.