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Pharaoh, (from Egyptian per Ê¿aa, âgreat houseâ), originally, the royal palace in ancient Egypt. The word came to be used metonymically for the Egyptian king under the New Kingdom (starting in the 18th dynasty, 1539â1292 bce), and by the 22nd dynasty (c. 945âc. 730 bce) it had been adopted as an epithet of respect.
The pharaoh owned all of the dynasty's land and made all its laws. His chief responsibility was maintaining harmony in his empire and acting as intermediary between his subjects and the goddess, Ma'at. The pharaoh's first order of business each day was to receive people in his audience chamber. Foreign merchants and ambassadors would bring gifts for the pharaoh.