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Concrete first must be scoured clean with a concrete cleaning solution, a scrub brush or a cleaning machine, then allowed to dry before any etching takes place. Never clean a new concrete pad until at least one month of curing time has been allowed at minimum. After all the water has been removed, the pad should have at least 48 hours of drying time before you apply any etching to the surface. If the weather is particularly humid, wait up to 72 hours for best results. There are numerous types of etching materials available for use with concrete, but as a general rule, they only need 15 to 30 minutes of time on the surface of the concrete to work their way down through the initial layer and etch the surface.
Concrete will never fully cure; it continually hardens forever, although for all practical purposes, it reaches a point where further hardening will be so slow as to unnoticeable. Unless the mix has retarder (or some cement replacement material) in it, it will generally be hard enough to walk on in less than 24 hours. Mixes are usually specified with a design strength - the compressive strength that the concrete will reach in a period of time, typically 28 days. As a general rule, at 7 days it will have reached around two thirds to three quarters of the design strength. Don't worry about the water on the new concrete - it will help the concrete cure if it is kept damp after the initial set. The early stages of concrete curing is the hydration of the cement in the concrete.