Input-Output Analysis. What is 'Input-Output Analysis'. Input-output analysis (I-O) is a form of economic analysis based on the interdependencies between economic sectors. This method is most commonly used for estimating the impacts of positive or negative economic shocks and analyzing the ripple effects throughout an economy.
The DNA of most bacteria is contained in a single circular molecule, called the bacterial chromosome. The chromosome, along with several proteins and RNA molecules, forms an irregularly shaped structure called the nucleoid. This sits in the cytoplasm of the bacterial cell.
Key points: 1  Bacteria can take up foreign DNA in a process called transformation. 2  Transformation is a key step in DNA cloning. 3  After transformation, bacteria are selected on antibiotic plates. 4  Colonies with the right plasmid can be grown to make large cultures of identical bacteria, which are used to produce plasmid or make protein.