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Concrete first must be scoured clean with a concrete cleaning solution, a scrub brush or a cleaning machine, then allowed to dry before any etching takes place. Never clean a new concrete pad until at least one month of curing time has been allowed at minimum. After all the water has been removed, the pad should have at least 48 hours of drying time before you apply any etching to the surface. If the weather is particularly humid, wait up to 72 hours for best results. There are numerous types of etching materials available for use with concrete, but as a general rule, they only need 15 to 30 minutes of time on the surface of the concrete to work their way down through the initial layer and etch the surface.
you can stain before 28 days, but what's the point? the concrete has not even reached 75% of its strength and you cannot seal it. plus, for that whole period you're likely to have efflorscence rising up and discoloring the surface. so wait the 28 days. if there is no efflorescence, then go ahead and stain. don't bother testing the concrete. calcium chloride tests are useless anyway. they only test the top 1/2 of the concrete.