Water chiller. A water chiller is a mechanical device used to facilitate heat exchange from water to a refrigerant in a closed loop system. The refrigerant is then pumped to a location where the waste heat is transferred to the atmosphere.
Banking in the United States before creation of the Federal Reserve System was, to say the least, chaotic. Early American Banking: 1791-1863. Banking in the America of 1863 was far from easy or dependable.
The American mortgage has its roots in the founding of the first legitimate commercial bank in 1781. Once established, a new system of banknotes exchange, governmental interplay, and lessened liability on the behalf of bankers caused the ripple effect in the United States mortgage market.