What does PA stand for in DDS PA? DDS Doctor of Dental Surgery PA Professional Association MS Master of Science DMD Doctor of Dental Medicine (no different than DDS, just depends on the school they graduated f â¦ rom and what degree they use.
In concluding that the City is liable for a widespread pattern and practice of stops and frisks in violation of the Fourth Amendment rights of all New Yorkers, the Court explained: â[The City has] received both actual and constructive notice since at least 1999 of widespread Fourth Amendment violations occurring as a result of the NYPDâs stop and frisk practices.
The Court majority (Justices Kennedy, Roberts, Alito, Scalia, and Thomas) argued: 1  barring independent political spending amounts to squelching free speech protected by the First Amendment. 2  the First Amendment protects not just a personâs right to speak, but the act of speech itself, regardless of the speaker.