The Denisova and Altai Neandertal are homozygous for the ancestral âAâ variant at position 25629943 on chromosome 1 that determines rhesus type in modern humans. This variant means that both are likely rhesus positive.
In this article. Interstitial lung disease is a general category that includes many different lung conditions. All interstitial lung diseases affect the interstitium, a part of the lungs ' anatomic structure. The interstitium is a lace-like network of tissue that extends throughout both lungs.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affects various domains of lung structure and function, leading to airflow limitation (1). Besides these pulmonary abnormalities, COPD is also associated with significant effects in distant organs outside the lungs, the so-called systemic effects of COPD (2, 3). This article reviews the types, mechanisms, and clinical implications of these systemic effects.