Physics and chemistry have produced two basic laws of thermodynamics that are obeyed by all forms of matter and energy, including living organisms. The first law is that of conservation of matter and energy, which states that matter and energy cannot be created or destroyed. Matter and energy can be transformed, and energy can be converted from one form into another, but the total of the equivalent amounts of both must always remain constant.
The smallest, thinnest needle is the nano 4mm, 32 gauge needle. By comparison, this needle is thought to be as thin as two strands of hair. The risk of injecting into muscle tissue is very rare when using this needle.
Niobium is used in various superconducting materials. These superconducting alloys, also containing titanium and tin, are widely used in the superconducting magnets of MRI scanners. Other applications of niobium include its use in welding, nuclear industries, electronics, optics, numismatics, and jewelry.