Brown leaves or flowers with white or dark spots can result from a fungal infection in the plant. Fungal infections are often a result of soil that is too moist, or of leaves and flowers that are damp from watering or humidity.
Endolaryngeal microsurgery using a direct straight laryngoscope is a well-established procedure in phonosurgery. It enables the surgeon to perform a precise, exact procedure using the microflap technique for the treatment of small lesions in the vocal folds, such as cysts and polyps.
The core principle behind microarrays is hybridization between two DNA strands, the property of complementary nucleic acid sequences to specifically pair with each other by forming hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide base pairs.NA microarrays can be used to detect DNA (as in comparative genomic hybridization), or detect RNA (most commonly as cDNA after reverse transcription) that may or may not be translated into proteins. The process of measuring gene expression via cDNA is called expression analysis or expression profiling.