What does PA stand for in DDS PA? DDS Doctor of Dental Surgery PA Professional Association MS Master of Science DMD Doctor of Dental Medicine (no different than DDS, just depends on the school they graduated f â¦ rom and what degree they use.
In concluding that the City is liable for a widespread pattern and practice of stops and frisks in violation of the Fourth Amendment rights of all New Yorkers, the Court explained: â[The City has] received both actual and constructive notice since at least 1999 of widespread Fourth Amendment violations occurring as a result of the NYPDâs stop and frisk practices.
The U.S. Supreme Court often has struggled to determine what exactly constitutes protected speech. The following are examples of speech, both direct (words) and symbolic (actions), that the Court has decided are either entitled to First Amendment protections, or not. The First Amendment states, in relevant part, that:reedom of speech includes the right: 1  Not to speak (specifically, the right not to salute the flag). 2  West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette, 319 U.S. 624 (1943). 3  Of students to wear black armbands to school to protest a war (âStudents do not shed their constitutional rights at the schoolhouse gate.â). 4  Tinker v. Des Moines, 393 U.S. 503 5  ... To