The following are the most common symptoms of a Chiari malformation. 1  However, each child may experience symptoms differently. In infants and older children born with this condition, symptoms may include: 2  Headaches. 3  Stiffness or pain in the neck or back of the head area. 4  Poor feeding and swallowing. 5  Decreased strength in the arms.
A buffer solution (more precisely, pH buffer or hydrogen ion buffer) is an aqueous solution consisting of a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base, or vice versa.
Acid-base buffers confer resistance to a change in the pH of a solution when hydrogen ions (protons) or hydroxide ions are added or removed. An acid-base buffer typically consists of a weak acid, and its conjugate base (salt) (see Equations 2-4 in the blue box, below).