The second law of thermodynamics says that the entropy of the universe (or any isolated system therein) is increasing; i.e., the energy of the universe is becoming more uniformly distributed. It is often noted that the second law indicates that nature tends to go from order to disorder, from complexity to simplicity.
Small-bore catheters and Heimlich valves have been successfully used in. the treatment of pneumothoraces in several studies.4,5 The thoracic vent. (see Figure 1) is a minimally invasive device for the treatment of. pneumothorax. It consists of a polyurethane catheter connected to a. plastic chamber containing a one-way valve.
Thoracic Paravertebral Blocks. TPVBs are used to help with pain after surgery in the breast or chest wall. In a TPVB, your anesthesiologist will inject the medication into your back, around the level of your chest. This will numb the nerves in your chest area. This will be done before your surgery, while you are awake.