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Pulmonary surfactant is a surface-active lipoprotein complex (phospholipoprotein) formed by type II alveolar cells. The proteins and lipids that make up the surfactant have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions.
This surfactant is a film of fatty substances that contributes to the lowering of alveolar surface tension. Without this coating, the alveoli would collapse and very large forces would be required to re-expand them.