The second law of thermodynamics says that the entropy of the universe (or any isolated system therein) is increasing; i.e., the energy of the universe is becoming more uniformly distributed. It is often noted that the second law indicates that nature tends to go from order to disorder, from complexity to simplicity.
Small-bore catheters and Heimlich valves have been successfully used in. the treatment of pneumothoraces in several studies.4,5 The thoracic vent. (see Figure 1) is a minimally invasive device for the treatment of. pneumothorax. It consists of a polyurethane catheter connected to a. plastic chamber containing a one-way valve.
The thoracic vertebrae are the rib bearing vertebrae. In order to simplify the mechanics of expanding the chest to breath, the thoracic spine is designed to remain stiff and straight no matter what the body is doing. Spinal nerve emerges above the seventh cervical vertebra; spinal nerve emerges below it.