The cosine of an angle is also defined in the context of a right triangle, as the ratio of the length of the side that is adjacent to the angle divided by the length of the longest side of the triangle (the hypotenuse).
Genetic modification involves insertion of foreign DNA into the nucleus of a normal cell where it integrates with the host DNA. Genetic analysis uses molecular techniques to detect the inserted transgenic DNA (GMO) in a sample. The method most commonly used for this purpose is PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction). The PCR technique amplifies (copies) the DNA billions of times in order for detection and quantitation to be possible.
Mitochondria carry their own separate DNA (mtDNA) that is independent of the nuclear DNA of the same cell. Human mtDNA is composed of 37 genes totaling about 16,000 base pairs. This mtDNA also mutates at a much faster rate than nuclear DNA (nucDNA) does.ince there were no DNA changes due to genetic recombination events (ie: with paternal DNA-now known to be a wrong assumption), they assumed that all changes in the mtDNA were the result of mutations over time and that these mutations occurred at a constant rate.