At issue was who, the pope or monarchs, had the authority to appoint (invest) local church officials such as bishops of cities and abbots of monasteries. The conflict ended in 1122, when Emperor Henry V and Pope Calixtus II agreed on the Concordat of Worms. It differentiated between the royal and spiritual powers and gave the emperors a limited role in selecting bishops.
The first two US political parties were technically the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists, who were later known as the Democratic and Republican parties.
The People's Party, also known as the Populist Party, was founded in 1884 (probably in Mississippi) and disolved in 1908. The party was influential enough to win four states (Idaho, Nevada, COlorado, and Kansas) during the 1892 presidential election.