Wound botulism is caused by toxin produced from a wound infected with Clostridium botulinum. Infant botulism is caused by consuming the spores of the botulinum bacteria, which then grow in the intestines and release toxins. All forms of botulism can be fatal and are considered medical emergencies. The following references aid in recognizing disease characteristics and hazards associated with botulinum toxin.
Budd suggests that a prospective buffalo rancher look up the recommended beef cow-calf stocking rate for the area and multiply by 10 to get the acreage necessary for stocking buffalo. He keeps a 30:1 cow:bull ratio. His land will support a cow-calf pair on 15 acres and a yearling over summer on 5 acres. Buffalo are easier on pasture than cattle, says Budd, because they roam and they graze all year around, reducing the stress placed on any particular area of the pasture.
Assume a 100-cow herd on pasture. The water source is a pond and the water must be pumped a vertical distance of 30 feet and requires 1,000 feet of pipe. Electricity is available to pump the water. For summer conditions, 2000 gal/day of water will be provided. To allow 5% of the herd to drink at any one time, 5 watering spaces will be provided and a flow rate of 10 gal/min will accommodate the drinking rate of the animals.