According to Cooper (1988) '... a literature review uses as its database reports of primary or original scholarship, and does not report new primary scholarship itself. The primary reports used in the literature may be verbal, but in the vast majority of cases reports are written documents.
Reactive oxygen species. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are chemically reactive chemical species containing oxygen. Examples include peroxides, superoxide, hydroxyl radical, and singlet oxygen. In a biological context, ROS are formed as a natural byproduct of the normal metabolism of oxygen and have important roles in cell signaling and homeostasis.
1 suggest that this final enzyme-opening step limits the rate of the overall reaction, so that mutations that facili-tate this opening process activate IDE. Shen and colleaguesâ results 1 excitingly suggest that drug molecules might also be able to activate IDE by mimicking the latch-disrupting mutations.cting at the last step ofa three-enzyme cascade (E1-E2-E3), ubiquitin-protein E3 li-gases catalyze ubiquitin transfer from a ubiquitin-conjugat-ing enzyme(E2) to the substrate and determine the speciï¬c-ity of the reaction (Pickart, 2001).