It was an Islamic empire--as the Byzantine had been a Christian empire--that was literally the private holding of the Osmanli family from whom the concept of the Ottoman state could not be separated. The ruling house and the empire's civil and military ruling class were considered Ottomans.ecovery of Ottoman prestige was slow, but Anatolia was gradually reabsorbed, and in the 1420s Ottoman power had revived sufficiently to undertake fresh campaigns in Greece. Aside from scattered outposts in Greece, all that remained of the Byzantine Empire was its capital, Constantinople.
A stupa (Sanskrit: m., stÅ«pa heap) is a mound-like or hemispherical structure containing ÅarÄ«ra relics, typically the remains of Buddhist monks or nuns, used as a place of meditation.fter the parinirvana of the Buddha, his remains were cremated and the ashes divided and buried under eight mounds with two further mounds encasing the urn and the embers. The earliest archaeological evidence for the presence of Buddhist stupas dates to the late 4th century BCE in India.
(Professor Robert Thurman, from the Foreword to Buddhist Stupas in Asia: the Shape of Perfection). Stupa is a Sanskrit word that means âto heapâ or âto pile upâ and refers to the mound-like shape of the earliest stupas.The Mahaparinirvana Sutra tells us that it was the Buddha himself who outlined the basic design of the stupa.tupas are representations of the Buddhaâs mind. They reveal the path to enlightenment, or how the mind can actualize its full potential and be transformed into enlightenment. Stupas can be seen as an expression of the five elements. 1  Earth, which spreads out in the four directions, provides the solid basis.