Give the author's name and the year of publication. If the author's name is stated in the sentence, always place the year in parentheses immediately after the name. (Clark, 1998). Clark's (1998) study shows that . . . Two authors. Give both names separated by the word and when including the names in the text of a sentence.
Definition. Cystitis is defined as inflammation of the urinary bladder. Urethritis is an inflammation of the urethra, which is the passageway that connects the bladder with the exterior of the body. Sometimes cystitis and urethritis are referred to collectively as a lower urinary tract infection, or UTI.
Although bacterial infections are the most common cause of cystitis, a number of noninfectious factors also may cause the bladder to become inflamed. Some examples include: Interstitial cystitis. The cause of this chronic bladder inflammation, also called painful bladder syndrome, is unclear. Most cases are diagnosed in women. The condition can be difficult to diagnose and treat. Drug-induced cystitis.