Intelligent intelligence testing. Psychologists are broadening the concept of intelligence and how to test it. Standardized intelligence testing has been called one of psychology's greatest successes. It is certainly one of the field's most persistent and widely used inventions.
During Reconstruction, the Congressmen who wanted to punish the South for starting the Civil War were: Southern Redeemers. Northern Democrats. Radical Democrats. Radical Republicans.
Historically, poor white southerners regularly scapegoated Black people in the period after slavery, blaming them for low prices for cotton and the economic distress that poor whites experienced, and targeting them with what they perceived to be retributive violence.