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In the Arctic tundra, many types producers, including flowering plants, low shrubs, sedges, grasses, mosses and algae, use the sunâs energy during the process of photosynthesis. Producers are then eaten by plant-eating primary consumers â- herbivores -- such as voles, caribou, arctic hares, musk oxen and squirrels. Some consumers are omnivores, which get their food from both plant and animal sources. These include grizzly bears, polar bears and ground squirrels.
The Arctic willow is a very small creeping willow. It has dull leaves that are pale green with long, white hairs towards the tip. The Arctic willow also has rooting branches. It only grows to be about 1-15 cm (0.39-5.9 in) in height. The male and female catkins (flower clusters) are on separate plants. The Arctic willow grows in the tundra and on rocky moorland (upland areas). Its habitat is in the harsh Arctic environments. Even in these harsh conditions the Arctic willow is a long-lived plant that grows extremely slow. In Greenland there was an Arctic willow found to be 236 years old. There are many Arctic animals that feed on the Arctic willow, such as: muskox, caribou, Arctic hare, ptarmigan and lemmings. The bark, twigs, and seeds are consumed. The Inuit make use of the Arctic willow as well. The twigs of the Arctic willow are used for fuel and as wicking.