Transcontinental railroads in and near the United States (1887). A transcontinental railroad is a contiguous network of railroad trackage that crosses a continental land mass with terminals at different oceans or continental borders.
Normal cervical range of motion is. 1  Flexion â 80 to 90 degrees. 2  Extension â 70 degrees. 3  Lateral flexion â 20 to 45 degrees on both sides.  Rotation â 90Â° of rotation to both sides.
Spinal osteophytosis is a frequent disease in the elderly population. More than 75% of people aged 65 years and older experience cervical vertebra modification. Osteophytes are present in 20â30% of the general population but most often remain asymptomatic [1].