Give the author's name and the year of publication. If the author's name is stated in the sentence, always place the year in parentheses immediately after the name. (Clark, 1998). Clark's (1998) study shows that . . . Two authors. Give both names separated by the word and when including the names in the text of a sentence.
Definition. Cystitis is defined as inflammation of the urinary bladder. Urethritis is an inflammation of the urethra, which is the passageway that connects the bladder with the exterior of the body. Sometimes cystitis and urethritis are referred to collectively as a lower urinary tract infection, or UTI.
Interstitial cystitis is a chronic bladder condition that causes recurring bouts of pain and pressure in the bladder and pelvic area, often accompanied by an urgent and frequent need to urinate â sometimes as often as 40, 50, or 60 times a day, around the clock.arious medications may help relieve pain and reduce inflammation. (See Medications for the treatment of interstitial cystitis.) Some are taken orally; others are bladder instillations â drugs that are introduced into the bladder by catheter and held for a few seconds up to 10 or 15 minutes.