Reflectance pulse oximetry may be used as an alternative to transmissive pulse oximetery described above. This method does not require a thin section of the person's body and is therefore well suited to more universal application such as the feet, forehead and chest, but it also has some limitations.eflectance pulse oximetry may be used as an alternative to transmissive pulse oximetery described above. This method does not require a thin section of the person's body and is therefore well suited to more universal application such as the feet, forehead and chest, but it also has some limitations.
In the United States, about 2â3 million abnormal Pap smear results are found each year. Most abnormal results are mildly abnormal (ASC-US (typically 2â5% of Pap results) or low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) (about 2% of results)), indicating HPV infection.
Occasionally a Pap report can indicate infection with yeast or bacteria, and possibly even atrophic (tissue-thinning, etc.) vaginal changes from low estrogen in menopause. These findings are unrelated to HPV and cervical cancer. The scale of abnormal Pap test results ranges from slightly atypical to major cellular changes. If needed, HPV testing/typing can be added to the Pap test analysis. Some women ask for this with their Pap test before anything abnormal is found, but the guidelines are still evolving. Click here for a listing and brief overview of the most common abnormal Pap results using the Bethesda system.