Intelligent intelligence testing. Psychologists are broadening the concept of intelligence and how to test it. Standardized intelligence testing has been called one of psychology's greatest successes. It is certainly one of the field's most persistent and widely used inventions.
During Reconstruction, the Congressmen who wanted to punish the South for starting the Civil War were: Southern Redeemers. Northern Democrats. Radical Democrats. Radical Republicans.
In fact, whites during Reconstruction had responded the same way to all Reconstruction governments, whether corrupt or not. The white South turned to force to end the country's first experiment in integrated government. Not because of Black failure, but because of Black success.