Give the author's name and the year of publication. If the author's name is stated in the sentence, always place the year in parentheses immediately after the name. (Clark, 1998). Clark's (1998) study shows that . . . Two authors. Give both names separated by the word and when including the names in the text of a sentence.
Definition. Cystitis is defined as inflammation of the urinary bladder. Urethritis is an inflammation of the urethra, which is the passageway that connects the bladder with the exterior of the body. Sometimes cystitis and urethritis are referred to collectively as a lower urinary tract infection, or UTI.
Interstitial cystitis (IC), also known as bladder pain syndrome (BPS), is a type of chronic pain that affects the bladder. Symptoms include feeling the need to urinate right away, needing to urinate often, and pain with sex. IC/BPS is associated with depression and lower quality of life. Many of those affected also have irritable bowel syndrome and fibromyalgia. The cause of IC/BPS is unknown.