Intelligent intelligence testing. Psychologists are broadening the concept of intelligence and how to test it. Standardized intelligence testing has been called one of psychology's greatest successes. It is certainly one of the field's most persistent and widely used inventions.
During Reconstruction, the Congressmen who wanted to punish the South for starting the Civil War were: Southern Redeemers. Northern Democrats. Radical Democrats. Radical Republicans.
Slaves who worked and lived on plantations were the most frequently punished. Punishment could be administered by the plantation owner or master, his wife, children (white males) or (most often) the overseer or driver. Slave overseers were authorized to whip and punish slaves.